7. RESULTS OF SUBSYSTEM 4: HEALTH EFFECTS AND RISKS OF HUMAN DIETARY EXPOSURE TO CONTAMINANTS FROM FOOD CHAINS

7.1 Organization of monitoring activities

This subsystem is composed of four parts and is carried out in twelve cities (Table 3.1). This number of localities was selected as to represent the regions uniformly. The first part of the subsystem is aimed at the notification of food-borne alimentary infections and cases of intoxication. It utilizes the data collected in the epidemiological system EPIDAT and those available in reports of the Public Health Service. The second part is focused on the monitoring of selected pathogenic bacteria occurrence in sampled foodstuffs. The strains of bacteria isolated from foodstuffs undergo further qualitative investigations including that of their resistance to antibiotics. The third part focuses on the monitoring of toxigenic micromycetes (moulds) incidence in sampled foodstuffs. Isolates of micromycetes are identified as to their genus and species, and their toxigenicity (production of aflatoxins and ochratoxins) is studied. Also in 2001, the second and third parts were given the form of pilot studies. In the fourth part of the subsystem, the dietary exposure of the population to selected chemical compounds is monitored. Samples of foodstuffs are concentrated at one place where they are culinarily processed and analysed for selected chemical substances. All the results serve to estimate exposure and characterize the health risks resulting from nutrition of the population.

7.2 Incidence of alimentary infections and intoxications

Since 1993, within the framework of the Subsystem 4 an analysis of incidence of alimentary diseases (so-called human diseases, zoonoses, and food poisonings) in twelve selected localities in the Czech Republic has been carried out. Analysis of their occurrence is focused on important etiological agents, namely Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., E.coli, Citrobacter freundii, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, and type A hepatitis virus. Epidemiological data on alimentary infections in selected localities obtained in the year 2001 (annual incidence rate, distribution of reported cases according to gender, age, season; analysis of epidemic occurrence, etc.) are compared with overall data for the Czech Republic in 2001 and with those in preceding years. The trends of incidence concerning the most important alimentary infections and poisonings are evaluated in the localities under follow-up, as well as in the Czech Republic as a whole.

In the Czech Republic in 2001, 33 552 cases of salmonellosis (326 cases per 100 000 population) were reported, which is 6637 cases fewer than in 2000; this represents the lowest morbidity rate since 1993. This decrease has been registered in all the localities under follow-up in the Czech Republic with the exception of the region of České Budějovice and Znojmo where, to the contrary, an increase of annual incidence was reported in 2001. The majority of cases were reported in Prague (2820) and Brno (1755). The highest morbidity was recorded in Znojmo – 575 subjects per 100 000 population. In 2001, 30 persons died due to salmonellosis (4 persons more than in 2000). In 27 of them S. Enteritidis was isolated, in three others S. Stanley, S. Ohio, and S. Indiana. Three persons died in the 48- to 52-year age group, the others were over 60 years of age. Out of the total of 33 552 reported cases 41 cases of salmonella sepsis were registered. The major etiological agent in the Czech Republic continues to be S. Enteritidis reported in 96.6 % of salmonellosis cases confirmed bacteriologically. S. Typhimurium (STM) has been found in 1.6 % of cases, one of the lowest portions of incidence in the past several years. The greatest proportion of STM strains was recorded in Prague, Brno and  Znojmo. In order follows S. Infantis – 0.3 % of cases. Analysis of diseased subjects by gender, age, and seasonal occurrence brought no substantial changes. There was registered 25 epidemic occurrences of salmonelloses in the localities under follow-up, amounting to 627 cases. The hazardous vehicle spectrum (eggs, poultry meat) did not changed in 2001.

Among bacterial alimentary infections, campylobacteriosis is second in frequency, with increasing epidemiological importance. In 2001, 21 653 cases were reported in the Czech Republic, which represents about 4737 more infections than in 2000, and 11 810 cases more than in 1999. In 2001, an increase occurred in all the regions under follow-up, except for Prague (218 cases less) and Ústí n. Labem (9 cases less). Nevertheless, of all localities in 2001, Prague reported the highest number of campylobacterioses (2 771 cases). No case has was recorded in Jablonec n. Nisou again. The highest morbidity was reported in Brno (606 cases per 100 000 of the population). The disease was also imported from Croatia (14 cases), Slovakia (22 cases) and Tunisia (5 cases). A total of five persons died of campylobacteriosis in the Czech Republic. The major etiological agent is Campylobacter jejuni. Seasonal occurrence, just like in salmonellosis, had a one-peak curve with the maximum of cases in August. The trend of salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis morbidity is presented in Fig. 7.1.

In 2001, 354 cases of shigellosis were reported (incidence of 3.4 cases per 100 000 of the population). That is 194 cases fewer than in the year 2000. The gradually falling incidence of shigelloses had slowed down in 1999 and 2000; in 2001, a further decrease occured. Morbidity decreased in all the localities under follow-up except for České Budějovice and Prague, where there was a moderate increase in reported incidence. The highest morbidity was registered in Šumperk again (13.4 cases per 100 000 of the population). In certain regions (Benešov, Hradec Králové, Jablonec n. Nisou, Ústí n. Labem) there was not reported a single case although the mean morbidity in those localities had belonged to the highest in the years 1993–1999. In 2001, 85 so-called imported cases were found, e.g. from Egypt (22 cases), Bulgaria (12 cases), and Romania (5 cases). The proportion of the Romany gypsy population in total morbidity is decreasing. In the year 2001 it was 20 %, that being the lowest since 1997. The predominating etiological agent remains Shigella sonnei. In comparison with the year 2000 the incidence of Shigella flexneri has risen moderately again (15.9 %), nevertheless, it is half as much as in 1997. The proportion of Shigella boydii in shigella incidence is higher than in the years 1997–1999 (1.7 %), nevertheless not reaching the levels of the year 2000 (9.3 %).

The annual incidence of infections caused by E. coli is roughly the same in 2001 (1 223 cases) as in the previous two years, amounting to 10 cases per 100 000 of the population. In 2001, the highest morbidity was registered in Ostrava (40 cases per 100 000 of the population) and in Prague (10 cases per 100 000 of the population). Ostrava had one of the highest incidences, even in the years 1997–1999. Three localities (Hradec Králové, Jablonec n. Nisou, Šumperk) did not report a single case. Among the most affected are children under 4 years of age. The distribution of identified serovars remains the same since 1997. The most frequent are serovars O26, O55, O126 and O127, and in the year 2001 also O119. Serovar O157 which causes hemorrhagic enteritis in small children, was isolated in 65 cases in 2001, that representing the lowest number since 1997, that being 49 isolations fewer than in the year 2000.

In the year 2001, 301 cases of yersinioses were reported in the Czech Republic, which is 70 cases more than in the year 2000, morbidity being the highest since the year 1993. The highest morbidity was registered in Ostrava (26 cases per 100 000 of the population). There is also the highest mean morbidity in the period 1993–2001 in that region (12 cases per 100 000 of the population). Analysis of specific morbidity confirmed the highest values in children under one year of age and in 1- to 4-year-olds in 1999 through 2001. The sole etiological agent was Yersinia enterocolitica. In almost 55 % of cases the mode of transmission of infection has not been determined.

In 2001, 53 cases of intestinal infection of adenovirus etiology were reported. The annual incidence rose by 9 cases in comparison with the year 2000. The greatest number of cases (28) occurred in the twelfth calendar week, and that is linked to an epidemic in a Prague kindergarten. In 2001, Norwalk viruses caused the greatest number of infections since 1998 (morbidity 10 cases per 100 000 of the population). The occurrence of rotavirus intestinal infections has a rising trend. In 2001, 923 cases were reported, that being 90 cases more than in the year 2000. The age distribution of rotavirus infections reveals that it is foremostly children under one year of age, 1- to 4-year-olds, and 5- to 9-year-olds that are affected.

In 2001, 325 cases of virus hepatitis type A (VHA) infection were confirmed, that representing morbidity in 3 persons per 100 000 of the population. Incidence fell by 289 cases, i.e. to half of that in the year 2000. Morbidity in the year 2001 in the Czech Republic was the lowest as compared with the period 1993–2000. The highest during that period being in 1996 with 20 cases per 100 000 of the population. The mean morbidity in that period ranged around 10 cases per 100 000 of the population. In the years 2000 and 2001 there came about a fall in incidence by one-half the value of the preceding year. Of the regions under follow-up the highest incidence of VHA was in Ústí n. Labem, namely not only in 2001 but also during the whole period of 1993–2000. The proportion of the Romany gypsy population in the year 2001 decreased to 4 %, that being the lowest in the period of 1998–2001. A higher proportion (40 %) was in Ústí n. Labem. Specific morbidity in the Czech Republic, as in the preceding period, is the highest among 1- to 4-year old children. The most frequent mode of transmission is contact with a diseased person. The proportion of unresolved cases (39 %) in 2001 is a little higher than in the year 2000, but lower than in 1999 (50 %).

7.3 Bacteriological analysis of foodstuffs

In the study focused on bacteriological analysis of foodstuffs, as in the years 1999–2000, attention was directed to the occurrence of selected pathogenic agents in foodstuffs from the market network. The selection of commodities investigated was carried out according to the consumer food basket and was focused on such groups of foodstuffs that have a share in the course of alimentary infections in the Czech Republic and abroad. Targeted was the detection of four etiological agents of important alimentary affections, namely Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and E.coli O157. Except for salmonellae the other agents are being followed up within the framework of routine check-ups on food safety only exceptionally, and therefore information on their occurrence in individual commodities on the territory of the Czech Republic is lacking. Microbiological analysis was performed according to standards and methodological recommendations valid in the Czech Republic. The isolates obtained were confirmed biochemically, and serotypes in salmonella and L.monocytogenes were determined. In salmonella and listeria isolates their resistance to antibacterial substances has been investigated as well; moreover, in S. Enteritidis (SE) and S. Typhimurium (STM) phage typing was performed.

A total of 408 food samples were examined for the presence of salmonellae. In question were various kinds of meat and offal, fish, poultry, eggs, oven-ready foods, delicatessen, meat and confectionery products. Positive findings were demonstrated in 5 samples, namely in samples of poultry, pork meat, egg content, and a confectionery products. The most frequent isolate of Salmonella spp. was that of serotype S. Enteritidis (2x), S. Typhimurium (2x), and S. Agona (1x). 168 samples of various kinds of meat and offal were investigated for the presence of Campylobacter spp. A positive finding of C. jejuni was demonstrated in 8 samples. In question were samples of pork meat, ground meat, poultry offal, and a sample of carp.

612 samples were investigated for the presence of L.monocytogenes (LM), in question were various kinds of meat and offal; milk, fish and delicatessen products; vegetables; and dried fruit, as well as confectionary products. Positive findings of LM were demonstrated in 30 samples, namely in various kinds of meat including poultry, in frozen vegetables, sauerkraut, and in confectionary and meat products. Most frequently serotype 1/2 was identified.

276 samples of foodstuffs were investigated for the presence of E.coli O157, namely in various kinds of meat, milk products, spices, and vegetables. The presence of this pathogen was not confirmed in any of the samples.

7.4 Mycological analysis of foodstuffs

In 2001, there continued the monitoring of the incidence of toxigenic micromycetes (moulds), producers ofaflatoxins and ochratoxin A, in selected commodities of the consumer food basket. Specialized mycological investigations were focused on the description and hazard characterization of the toxigenic micromycetes occurrence in foodstuffs. At four points of the time schedule, 25 kinds of foodstuffs at 12 sampling sites in the Czech Republic were sampled, representing a total of 300 particular samples of foodstuffs. A third frequency data series on the qualitative and quantitative occurrence of toxigenic micromycetes was obtained. In selected foodstuffs, a total micromycetes count (colony forming units per g of foodstuff – CFU/g of foodstuff) was determined and their mycological profiles was characterized. The occurrence of toxigenic micromycetes monitored has been characterized further by the index of contamination (Ik), this means by the ratio of the number of potentially toxigenic micromycetes (CFU/g of foodstuff) to the total micromycetes count (CFU/g of foodstuff).

The presence of potentially toxigenic micromycetes Aspergillus flavus, producers of aflatoxins, was demonstrated in 13 samples (18 %). In question were the following kinds of foodstuffs: black pepper, caraway seeds, black tea, fruit tea, rolled oats, and farina flour. Ten out of 13 isolated strains of Aspergillus flavus (77 %) were assumed to be toxigenic. Their toxigenicity was verified on the basis of aflatoxin production in a test culture medium.

Frequence of the potentially toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus in foodstuffs in 1999–2001

 

1999

2000

2001

Frequency of occurrence [%]

28
(20/72)

17
(8/48)

18
(13/72)

Toxigenic strains [%]

75

63

77

Foodstuffs

black tea, fruit tea,
caraway seeds, farina flour,
black pepper, rolled oats

black tea, caraway seeds,
farina flour, black pepper

black tea, fruit tea,
caraway seeds, farina flour,
black pepper, rolled oats

Furthermore, the presence of toxigenic micromycetes Aspergillus tamarii, producers of aflatoxins, was demonstrated in three (25 %) samples of pepper and in two (15 %) samples of black tea. Four out of five strains of Aspergillus tamarii (80 %) were assumed to be toxigenic. Their toxigenicity has been verified likewise on the basis of aflatoxin production in a test culture medium.

Frequence of the potentially toxigenic strains of Aspergillus tamarii in foodstuffs in 1999–2001

 

1999

2000

2001

Frequency of occurrence [%]

25
(3/12)

25
(6/24)

21
(5/24)

Toxigenic strains [%]

100

67

80

Foodstuffs

black pepper

black tea, black pepper

black tea, black pepper

The presence of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 was detected in 6 samples (50 %) of sweet pepper (arithmetic mean 2.5 µg/kg, maximum value 4.1 µg/kg). The analysis was performed on the basis of the finding on the differing distribution of filamentous micromycetes in samples (CFU/g sweet pepper) than is counted as usual.

Potentially toxigenic micromycetes of the Aspergillus niger group, producers of ochratoxin A, were found in 27 samples (i.e. in 32 %) of the following kinds of foodstuffs: raisins, caraway seeds, black pepper, sweet pepper, fruit tea, and farina flour. Significant was the occurrence of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A in 8 (67 %) samples of raisins (arithmetic mean 12.2 µg/kg; maximum value 63.6 µg/kg) which was determined on the basis of the occurrence of the Aspergillus niger group of moulds in raisins.

Frequence of the potentially toxigenic strains Aspergillus niger group of micromycetes in foodstuffs in 1999–2001

 

1999

2000

2001

Frequency of occurrence [%]

67
(40/60)

85
(41/48)

32
(27/84)

Foodstuffs

black tea, fruit tea,
sweet pepper, black pepper,
raisins

black tea, fruit tea,
black pepper, raisins

black tea, fruit tea, caraway
seeds, farina flour, sweet
pepper, black pepper, raisins

Just like in preceding years there was carried out the isolation of Penicillium crustosum strains (a potential producer of the mycotoxin penitrem A) in walnuts.

Frequence of the potentially toxigenic strains of Penicillium crustosum in walnuts in 1999–2001

 

1999

2000

2001

Frequency of occurrence [%]

25
(3/12)

25
(3/12)

33
(4/12)

7.5 Dietary exposure to chemicals

The major objective of the monitoring program was the assessment of the mean population exposure in the Czech Republic to chemical substances (significant contaminants of foodstuffs or nutrients and micronutrients). Their content in foodstuffs may pose a health risk of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic nature. In 2001, for exposure doses estimation the following two ways of defining the expected consumption of foodstuffs were used: the actual value of consumption (according to the consumer food basket for the Czech Republic which presents the mean availability of foodstuffs at the level of each household member in the year 1994), and the model of recommended foodstuff doses.

The set of samples supplied for analysis was made up of 195 individual kinds of foodstuffs that had been brought in from four regions of the country, into which the 12 cities under monitoring are arranged (region A = Plzeň – city, České Budějovice, Benešov; region B = Ústí n. Labem, Jablonec n. Nisou, Prague; region C = Hradec Králové, Šumperk, Ostrava; region D = Žďár n. Sázavou, Brno, Znojmo). In all, 2340 samples of foodstuffs were collected in 2001. For economic reasons, the foodstuff samples were combined into so-called composite samples according to regions. The combined samples representing each region were culinarily treated in a standard fashion and then mixed into 108 kinds of composite samples for each of the four regions of the country. In all, 432 composite samples were prepared for analysis of basic chemical substances content. For the determination of certain chemical substances, the composite samples from individual regions were mixed further so that the country is represented by a set of 108 mixed composite samples. For some special analytical determinations (toxic PCB congeners, dibenzofuranes and dioxins, nitrites, etc.), a different rationally based assortment of foodstuff samples combination was applied. In all, 79 chemical compounds in the food samples had been quantified. The concentrations of chemical substances found were used for calculating the assessment of the mean population exposure in the Czech Republic in 2001 together with values of actual foodstuff consumption according to the consumer basket. For the long-term comparison of exposure doses (since 1994), the model of recommended doses of foodstuffs for the Czech Republic was applied. It was formulated for five population groups (children, adult males, adult females, pregnant or breast-feeding females, and subjects over 60 years of age; Table 7.1). The model foremostly facilitates a long-term monitoring of concentration changes of chemical substances in foodstuffs.

In 2001, the mean chronic population exposure to the organic compounds monitored (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, methoxychlorine, endosulphane, heptachloroepoxide, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), alpha-, beta-, delta-, gamma- (lindane) isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane, isomers of DDT, DDD, DDE) from foodstuffs did not reach critical values which are connected with an unacceptable increase in the probability of damage to the consumer’s health (as to non-carcinogenic effect). Population exposure estimated according to the foodstuff consumer basket again reached the highest level in PCBs. Exposure to the sum of seven PCB indicator congeners reached the value of about 8.5 % of the tolerable daily intake (TDI). The highest number of positive findings by the application of analytical methods with increased sensitivity was observed at PCB congeners 153, 138 and 180 (71, 59 and 56 %, respectively), as well as for congener 52 (75 %). A high number of positive findings was found repeatedly in p,p-DDE (62 %) although lower than in the year 2000. A large number of positive findings was observed even in HCB (48 %), as well as in the gamma isomer of HCH (49 %). Again in question is a lower frequency of occurrence than in the year 2000. The exposure doses were very low (0.13 % PTDI for the “sum of DDT”, i.e. p,p´DDT + o,p DDT + p,p´DDD + p,p´DDE; and 2.6 % TDI for HCB). This reflects a persisting indiscriminate contamination, but at a level of very low concentrations without any substantial significance to consumer health. A somewhat greater exposure was observed for the sum of heptachloroepoxides A and B and heptachlorine (3 % ADI).

In 2001, the estimate of exposure to chemical substances with the so-called dioxin effect (TEQ 2, 3, 7, 8 - TCDD for the sum of toxic PCB congeners, dioxins, and dibenzofurans) represented a value in the range of 3–33 pg TEQ TCCD/kg b.w./wk. This value appears to be comparable with the range of exposure doses in the year 2000 and still merits more profound attention.

Exposure doses estimated according to the model of recommended doses of foodstuffs reached the highest values in children 4–6 years of age; e.g. although exposure to the sum of seven indicator PCB congeners has again decreased in comparison with the preceding year, it nevertheless reached about 33 % TDI (Fig. 7.3a).

The mean chronic population exposure to inorganic substances (nitrates, nitrites, cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, zinc, manganese, selenium, magnesium, chromium, nickel, aluminium, iron, and iodine) did not exceed exposure limits for a non-carcinogenic effect. Exposure estimated according to the foodstuff consumer basket has shown, after years of increase, a moderate decrease in the nitrates burden (17 % ADI) and a fluctuating nitrites burden (after an increase to 32 % ADI in the year 2000, now a decrease down to 9 % ADI). Constant is the amount of manganese intake (49 % RfD). The cadmium burden has slightly decreased (18 % PTWI) as well as the lead burden (10 % PTWI). In the course of monitoring years, the exposure to mercury reaches continuously favourable values (1.3 % PTWI). The copper and zinc intakes have a continuous tendency to remain low (3.0 % PMTDI and 15 % PMTDI, respectively). The arsenic exposure dose has increased moderately (4.5 % PTWI). A moderate increase of selenium intake has again been observed (14 % RfD). The estimated exposure dose of nickel and chromium reaches relatively low values with a tendency to vacillation (10 % RfD and 26 % RfD, respectively). The estimated exposure to aluminium and iron did not show any risk of consumer health impairment (5 % PTWI and 20 % PMTDI, respectively). The estimate of exposure to selected contaminants is presented in Table 7.2 and Fig. 7.2.

Exposure estimated according to the model of recommended doses of foodstuffs reaches the highest values for the age group of children 4–6 years of age. Exposure to nitrates reached about 78 % ADI, exposure to manganese almost 160 % RfD. These results signalize the need to follow up and analyze more thoroughly the situation of children who are a group under risk from the point of view of nutrition.

On evaluation of the trace elements intake (zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, nickel, manganese, magnesium), as well as of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and iron, exposure doses were determined according to the foodstuff consumer basket (Table 7.3). Zinc exposure was found to be around 104 % of the recommended population intake; copper exposure was slightly below the normative minimum (82 %). Selenium intake was at the level of the population normative minimum (114 %). The normative minimum for chromium was covered at the level of 144 %. The expected requirement of nickel was covered 333 %, manganese 136 %, magnesium only 86 %, calcium only 94 %, and phosphorus 168 %. The upper limit for sodium intake reached 79 % (i.e. 136 % of the N.A.S. USA recommendation) and the need of potassium was covered 83 %. The intake ratio of Ca/P was repeatedly low, on the other hand that of Na/K was relatively high. Iron intake reached again only 71 % of that recommended for the Czech population. In the case when iodized salt was used for culinary food preparation, the recommended iodine intake was covered 115 %.

In trace elements intake the lowest values were attained in the age group of people over 60, the pattern of food consumption in the range of recommended doses of foodstuffs mostly not covering the recommended intake of certain minerals (Fig. 7.3b).

A theoretical estimate of probable increase in the risk of contracting cancer resulting from dietary exposure (mean of exposure doses according to the consumer food basket) to selected chemicals (sum of 7 indicator PCB congeners, alpha- and beta- isomers of HCH, lindane, p,p´- isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachloroepoxide (A + B), HCB, and toxic arsenic) amounted to about 52 additional cases in the Czech Republic in 2001. Traditionally, PCBs (down to 21 cases) and arsenic (20 cases) represented the greatest share in this increase. The estimate for chemicals with a dioxin effect (expressed as the sum of TEQ TCDD for PCBs, dioxins and dibenzofurans) amounted to about 9–100 cases for the Czech Republic and the year 2001.

7.6 Partial conclusions

Results of the analysis of notified alimentary infections in the year 2001 do not differ distinctly from those in preceding years, only in campylobacteriosis an increasing trend is registered.

Results of microbiological analyses suggest which commodities in the market network are most frequently contaminated with pathogenic agents, and serve to obtain a more precise conception of the alimentary infection causes.

Samples taken simultaneously for mycological analysis confirm the presumption of the relatively frequent incidence of toxigenic micromycetes (producers of mycotoxins – aflatoxins and ochratoxin A) in certain kinds of foodstuffs.

Results of monitoring the exposure to certain hazardous chemicals from foodstuffs in the Czech Republic confirm marked vacillations of exposure doses in connection with changes in contamination levels; however, it is necessary to remember that the major factor influencing exposure is mainly the pattern of foodstuff consumption. The characterization of the health risk appears to be relatively favourable for the average person in the population. In a number of persisting contaminants the values of exposure doses have decreased or remained at low levels, however in a few substances there has been an increase in exposure. Assessment with the aid of the model of recommended foodstuffs doses revealed certain health risks, namely for children (greater exposure to chemicals) and elderly people (risk of insufficient intake of certain minerals).

Detailed results of monitoring the health effects of the pollution load from foodstuff chains are available in the Special Report of Subsystem 4, published annually by the NIPH, Prague, or on Internet page http://www.szu.chpr.cz.

Table 7.1 Recommended foodstuff doses (servings/person/day) for selected population groupsa

Population group

Age
[y]

Body
weight
[kg]

Cereals

Vegetable

Fruit

Milk

Protein
sources

Other
food

Energie
[kJ]b

Children

4–6

15

3

3

2

3

2

*

7 047

Male, adult

18+

70

6

5

4

3

3

*

11 996

Female, adult

18+

58

4

4

3

3

1

*

7 988

Female pregn./nurs.

18+

58

5

4

3

3

2

*

9 787

Seniors

60+

64

3

3

2

2

1

*

5 987

* This means temperance in fats, oils, sugar and sweets consumption: 15 g added fats, 10 g added sugar and 300 ml beverages were used for calculation.

Notes:
a Literature used: see Chapter 15
b Energy value of the model without calculating added fats, sugar, sweets and beverages. Energy value was computed by the sum of weighted means of energy values for particular foodstuff groups calculated according to the real food availability ratio in CZ in 1997 (SKP 2000, Ruprich et al., 2000).

Model of recommended foodstuff doses in CZ used for evaluation of exposure to contaminants

Model of recommended foodstuff

For estimation of the model exposure the values in parenthesis were used.

Table 7.2 Exposure estimate to selected inorganic compound follow to the consumer foodstuff basket

Compound

Exp. limit drawing
[%]

Type of exp. limit

Compound

Exp. limit drawing
[%]

Type of exp. limit

Arsenic

4.5

PTWI

Copper

3

PMTDI

Nitrates

17

ADI

Nickel

10

RfD

Nitrites

9

ADI

Lead

10

PTWI

Aluminium

5

PTWI

Mercury

1.3

PTWI

Chromium

26

RfD

Selenium

14

RfD

Cadmium

18

PTWI

Zinc

15

PMTDI

Manganese

49

RfD

Iron

20

PMTDI

Table 7.3 Exposure estimate to the trace element follow to the consumer foodstuff basket

Trace element

Filling the recommended
daily intake [%]

Trace element

Filling the recommended
daily intake [%]

Potassium

83

Nickel

333

Phosphorus

168

Selenium

114

Magnesium

86

Sodium

79

Chromium

144

Calcium

94

Iodine*

115

Zinc

104

Manganese

136

Iron

71

Copper

82

 

 

* In case of iodinated salt usage


Fig. 7.1 Notified cases of salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis, 1993–2001
Fig. 7.2 Population exposure estimate according to the consumer foodstuff basket
Fig. 7.3a Exposure to PCB indicator congeners from foodstuffs, 1994–2001, model of recommended foodstuff doses
Fig. 7.3b Exposure to selenium from foodstuffs, 1994–2001, model of recommended foodstuff doses

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