7. HEALTH EFFECTS AND RISKS OF HUMAN DIETARY EXPOSURE TO CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD CHAINS |
7.1 Organization of monitoring activities
This subsystem comprises five parts and is carried out in 12 cities (Table 3.1 and Fig. 3.1). The number of locations was selected so as to provide a uniform representation of the regions involved. The five parts are as follows:
All results serve to assess exposure and to characterise the health risks associated with population nutrition in the Czech Republic.
7.2 Incidence of alimentary infections and poisoning
Monitoring of reported cases of food-borne infections is carried out in 12 selected regions in the Czech Republic: Benešov, Brno, Č. Budějovice, H. Králove, Jablonec nad Nisou, Ostrava, Plzeň, Prague, Šumperk, Ústi nad Labem, Znojmo and Žďár nad Sázavou, representing the nationwide population of the Czech Republic. Monitoring of alimentary infections and poisoning has been carried out since 1993 and focuses on the most common etiological agents: Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella spp., Citrobacter freundii, E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, adenoviruses, rotaviruses and type A hepatitis viruses. Epidemiological data reported in 2002 (annual incidence, distribution of cases by gender, age, ethnic background, season, epidemic incidence) are compared in the 12 selected localities with nationwide data pertaining to the Czech Republic and previous years. Annual data reveals trends of the most serious infections and poisoning in not only these regions but also the Czech Republic as a whole.
In the Czech Republic in 2002, a total of 27,964 cases of salmonella were reported (272 cases per 100,000 population). This represents the lowest annual incidence over the past ten years, since 1993. Since 1999 (44,811) the trend of salmonella cases has been steadily declining (Fig. 7.1). In 2002 there were 6,847 fewer cases than in 1999 and 5,588 cases less than in 2000. Morbidity declined in all monitored regions except Hradec Králové. All areas report lowered morbidity than was the average morbidity in the 1993–2000 period. The highest morbidity in 2002 was reported in Znojmo (434 cases per 100,000 population); the lowest in Šumperk (130 cases per 100,000 population). The main etiological agent remains S. Enteritidis (94.5 %), while the rate of S. Typhimurium is unchanged at 2 %. The highest rates of S. Typhimurium were in Prague (10.5 %) and Brno (7 %) for the whole period since 1997. Analysis of reported cases in 2002 showed no difference in terms of age, gender and season. A total 330 epidemics involving 10,680 persons was recorded in the selected areas during 1993–2000.
Campylobacteriosis is the second most frequent bacterial alimentary infection (Fig. 7.1) with increasing epidemiological importance. In 2002, 23,206 cases were reported in the Czech Republic, which represents a morbidity of 206 cases per 100,000 population; these 2002 figures are virtually identical with the values for salmonellosis. The morbidity trend has been steadily rising since 1996 (2,545 cases or 25 cases per 100,000 population), 1997 (3,623 cases), 1998 (5,542 cases), 1999 (9,843 cases), 2000 (15,858 cases) and 2001 (21,653 cases or 210 cases per 100,000 inhabitants). The highest morbidity in 2002 was reported in the Brno area (567 cases per 100 000 population), Benešov (505 cases per 100,000 population) and Plzeň (458 cases per 100,000). The lowest morbidity was recorded in Jablonec nad Nisou (33 cases per 100,000 population). The major etiological agent is Campylobacter jejuni. The age range for reported cases of campylobacteriosis is equivalent to that of salmonellosis (children aged 1–4 years are the most frequently afflicted group). Mass incidence of this infection is rare. A single epidemic case was reported in Benešov in August 2002. Seasonal incidence has a characteristic curve with a prominent peak in August.
The annual number of reported cases of shigellosis is 286 (less than 3 cases per 100,000 population). This is the lowest reported incidence over the past 10 years. Since 1993 (1,198 cases) there has been a sharp downward trend in incidence. Morbidity in monitored areas in 2002 comprises a minute portion of the average morbidity over the 1993–1999 period. Not a single case was reported in the Benešov region during 2002. Compared to 2001, the ratio of the Romany population associated with the disease has halved (10 %). The major etiological agent in the Czech Republic is Shigella sonnei (68.7 %) although its role as a causative agent has declined over the years (84 % in 1998). The proportion of Sh. flexneri is about the same as in 2001 (15 %).
The annual incidence of infections caused by E. coli was slightly higher in 2002 than in previous years when morbidity amounted to about 12 cases per 100,000 population. In 2002, 1,597 cases of this infection were registered in the Czech Republic (15 cases per 100 000 population). The nationwide mean of morbidity was exceeded more significantly in two of the monitored regions: Jablonec nad Nisou (24 cases per 100,000 population) and Ostrava (23 cases per 100,000 population). Ostrava had the highest mean morbidity during 1993–1999 and the highest reported morbidity in 2000 and 2001. Hradec Králove, Plzeň and Znojmo did not register a single case of the infection in 2002. E. coli infection mainly affected children up to 4 years of age in 2002. The seasonal characteristics of this infection mean that the majority of cases are registered in August, as is the case with campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis.
A 2002, 403 cases of yersiniosis were reported in the Czech Republic (4 cases per 100,000 population), which represents a two-fold increase against the previous period. The highest morbidity was recorded in Ostrava (22 cases per 100,000 population) and Č. Budějovice (12 cases per 100,000 population). Ostrava had the highest morbidity in previous years as well, with the exception of 2000 when there was a marked decline of cases. No cases of yersiniosis were reported during 2002 in Benešov, H. Králové, Jablonec n. N., Šumperk and Ústí n. Labem.
Reported incidence of alimentary infection in 2002 shows a marked decrease. A total of 274 cases was reported, 413 cases less than in the previous year. Of 12 monitored areas, only 4 (Č. Budějovice, Ostrava, Praha and Žďár nad Sázavou) reported cases of infection. In 27 % of cases the infection was caused by Bacillus cereus (74 cases) and an epidemic incidence caused by this agent was recorded in Nový Jičín (22 cases). In 22 % of cases the causative agent was Staphylococcus aureus. Roughly 35 % of infections were not analysed in the laboratory, against 77 % in the previous year.
The number of cases of viral gastroenteritis of adenoviral etiology was equivalent to that in 1999 and numbered 56 cases more than in 2001. No cases of the disease caused by Norwalk virus were reported in 2002, whilst cases of infection by rotavirus rose sharply from 923 cases in 2001 to 1,575 cases in 2002. Half of the monitored regions are engaged in the detection of rotaviral infections. In 2002, the greatest number of cases was registered in Ostrava (205 cases). Morbidity caused by rotaviruses in 2002 equals 15 cases per 100,000 population and is higher than in previous years.
In 2002, 127 cases of viral hepatitis type A (VHA) were reported. Morbidity caused by this infection is declining each year; in 2000 this represented 6 cases per 100,000 population, followed by 3 cases per 100 000 population in 2001 and roughly 1 cases per 100,000 population in 2002. Mean morbidity during the 1993–1999 period was 11 cases per 100,000 population. In comparison to the previous year, the greatest decline in morbidity occurred in Prague, Brno and Ústi nad Labem where, despite the decline in 2002 (6 cases per 100,000 population), the highest morbidity of all regions monitored for a number of years was recorded. In 2002, analysis revealed higher morbidity in men; this difference was likewise noted in 2001. Ethnicity proved to have no bearing on morbidity. Parenteral transmission in and out of health facilities is not adequately documented. About 53 % of VHA cases were not epidemiologically explained.
7.3 Bacteriological analysis of foodstuffs
In this study focused on bacteriological analysis of foodstuffs, as in 1999–2001, the incidence of selected pathogens in foodstuffs from the consumer network was monitored. The selection of commodities analysed was based on the consumer food-basket and targeted those foods that have in the past been involved in alimentary infections in the Czech Republic and abroad. A group of 4 major originators of alimentary infections was targeted: Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157. Apart from salmonella, the other bacterial agents are monitored only rarely as part of routine checks of food safety; hence, information about their incidence in individual commodities in the Czech Republic is virtually non-existent.
Microbiological analysis was performed in line with valid standards in the Czech Republic. Isolates were confirmed biochemically; serotypes were obtained for salmonella and L. monocytogenes. Salmonella isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance and S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were phage typed.
A total of 408 food samples was examined for the presence of salmonella. The samples comprised pork, beef, poultry, rabbit, fish, offal, eggs, spices, dried fruit, oven-ready foods, delicatessen, meat and confectionery products. Positive findings were isolated in 9 cases. Salmonellae were detected in samples of poultry and offal (7x), fish (1x) and confectionery (1x). The most frequent salmonella spp. isolates were S. Entertidis (6x), S. Typhimurium (1x), S. Ohio (1x) and S. Virchow (1). Phagotype subtyping was performed on 6 isolates of S. Entertidis (all categorised as PT8) and 1 isolate of S. Typhimurium (DT104).
Tests for presence of Campylobacter spp. were performed on 168 samples of meat and offal. Of these, 10 were positive. C. jejuni was found in 8 samples of poultry and 1 sample of pork; in 1 sample of rabbit meat the species of the isolated strain was not identified.
612 samples of meat, dairy, fish, vegetables, dried fruit, delicatessen and confectionery products were tested for presence of L. monocytogenes. Of these, 24 were positive. L. monocytogenes was determined in various samples of meat, including poultry (19x), frozen vegetables (2x), lettuce (1x), Niva-type blue cheese (1x) and Polican salami (1x). Quantification revealed LM levels not exceeding 100 KTJ/kg. Serotype was the most common amongst positive samples.
276 samples of meat, dairy products, spices and vegetables were tested for presence of E. coli O157. The presence of this pathogen was not confirmed in any of the samples.
7.4 Mycological analysis of foodstuffs
2002 was the 4th year of the ‘MYKOMON’ project. The incidence of toxic micromycetes (fungi) – producing aflatoxin and ochratoxin A – was monitored in selected consumer foods. Specialised mycological examination was directed at description and characterisation of the danger of toxic micromycetes in foodstuffs. As in previous years, a total of 300 samples of food was taken on four separate occasions at 12 sites throughout the Czech Republic. Total micromycete count was determined for each sample (KTJ/g) and the mycological profile was identified. the incidence of monitored micromycetes was expressed as a contamination index (Ik) – in other words, the ratio of potentially toxic micromycetes (KTJ/g) to the overall micromycete count (KTJ/g).
The presence of potentially toxic micromycetes Aspergillus flavus, producers of aflatoxin, was determined in 16 samples (17 %) of the following foodstuffs: raisins, black pepper, caraway seeds, sweet paprika, black tea, fruit tea, pasta and fine flour. Of the isolated strains of Aspergillus flavus, 9 (56 %) were evaluated as toxic. Their toxicity was confirmed by determination of aflatoxin production on cultivation medium.
Incidence of toxic strains Aspergillus flavus in foodstuffs during 1999–2002
|
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
Frequency [%] |
28 |
17 |
18 |
17 |
Toxic strains [%] |
75 |
63 |
77 |
56 |
Foods |
black tea, fruit tea, |
black tea, |
black tea, fruit tea, |
black tea, fruit tea, |
The presence of toxic micromycetes Aspergillus tamarii, producers of aflatoxin, was detected in 3 samples (25 %) of black pepper and 1 sample of black tea. Of the isolated strains of Aspergillus tamarii, 1 (25 %) was identified as toxic. Its toxicity was confirmed by determination of aflatoxin production on cultivation medium.
Incidence of toxic strains Aspergillus flavus in foodstuffs during 1999–2002
|
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
Frequency [%] |
25 |
25 |
21 |
17 |
Toxic strains [%] |
100 |
67 |
80 |
25 |
Foods |
black pepper |
black tea, black pepper |
black tea, black pepper |
black tea, black pepper |
The incidence of aflatoxin B1 was detected in 3 samples (25 %) of sweet paprika (arithmetic mean 1.0 µg/kg, maximum value 1.5 µg/kg, aflatoxin G1 in 1 sample (8 %) of sweet paprika (value 1.0 µg/kg).
Potentially toxic micromycetes Aspergillus sk. niger (producers of ochratoxin A) were detected in 29 samples (48 %) of the following food samples: peanuts, raisins, black tea, fruit tea and fine flour. Ochratoxin A was determined in 3 samples (25 %) of raisins (arithmetic mean 10.7 µg/kg, maximum value 17.5 µg/kg.
Incidence of toxic strains Aspergillus sk. niger in foodstuffs during 1999–2002
|
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
Frequency [%] |
67 |
85 |
32 |
48 |
Foods |
black tea, fruit tea, |
black tea, fruit tea, |
black tea, fruit tea, |
peanuts, black tea, |
Unlike previous years, the presence of Penicillium crustotum (potential producer of the mycotoxin penitrem A) was not detected in walnuts.
Incidence of toxic strains Penicillum crustotum in peanuts during 1999–2002
|
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
Frequency [%] |
25 |
25 |
33 |
0 |
7.5 Incidence of genetically modified foods commercially available in the Czech Republic
In 2002, a new pilot study called ‘GENOMON’ was included in the project of monitoring dietary exposure to chemicals. This study is a direct response to the fact that the development of genetic engineering has led to the commercial use of a number of genetically modified (GM) plants (for instance, resistant to pests or herbicides), which are used as raw material for manufacture of foodstuffs. Permitted GM plants are primarily considered safe in terms of consumer health and safety. However, strong public pressure, the question of ethics and monitoring the possible results of consumption of this category of foodstuffs has prompted this survey of the incidence of commercially available GM foodstuffs in the Czech Republic.
A total of 192 samples of food (48 samples of tomatoes, 48 samples of Soya beans, 48 samples of Soya products, and 48 samples of corn flour) were collected on 4 occasions in 12 sites in the Czech Republic, representing the 4 types of food in which use of genetically modified organisms (GMO) is the most likely.
All samples were analysed by polymerase chain reaction method (qualitative screening determination by PCR) and by identification qualitative PCR and ELISA in the case of Soya and corn. Of 192 samples analysed, 18 samples of Soya products and 6 samples of Soya beans were evaluated as positive. Tomato samples were subjected to screening only. Examinations will be completed in 2003.
Summarised results of tests for the presence of GM raw materials in foodstuffs
Food |
No. of samples examined |
Positive [%] |
Negative [%] |
Tomatoes |
48 |
0 |
48 / 100 |
Soya beans |
48 |
6 / 12.5 |
42 / 87.5 |
Soya products |
48 |
18 / 37.5 |
30 / 62.5 |
Cornflour |
48 |
0 |
48 / 100 |
Total |
192 |
24 / 12.5 |
168 / 87.5 |
Interpretation of these results, which may be considered adequately reliable given current technical possibilities, is complex. Qualitative PCR determination used for these analyses has a determination limit of 0.1 % for presence of GM raw material. Foods from GM raw material must be designated as such at a level exceeding 1 %. None of the foods tested was designated. All positive results originated from Soya (40-3-2) that is sanctioned in the Czech Republic a new food type. Semiquantitative determination by immunochemical methods has confirmed that the content of GM raw materials in positive samples of food did not exceed the legal limit for designation as such. During the 1-year monitoring period no new data has been published describing health risks ensuing from consumption of GM foodstuffs.
7.6 Human dietary exposure
The major objective of the monitoring programme has remained the assessment of mean population exposure in the Czech Republic to selected chemicals (significant contaminant, nutrients and micronutrients). Their presence in foodstuffs may pose health risks of a carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic nature. In 2002, 2 values of expected food consumption were used for estimation of exposure doses: actual value of consumption (according to the so-called consumer basket for the Czech Republic, representing the mean availability of foods for each family member in 1994) and a model of recommended food doses. The set of samples supplied for analyses comprised 195 separate types of food from 4 regions of the Republic (12 areas, region A = Plzeň metropolis, Česke Budějovice, Benešov, region B = Ústí nad Labem, Jablonec nad Nisou, Prague, region C = Hradec Králové, Šumperk, Ostrava, region D = Žďár nad Sázavou, Brno, Znojmo). The total amount of samples equalled 2,340 over a 1-year period. For economic reasons, the food samples were combined into so-called composite samples according to region. Samples representing each region were subjected to standard culinary treatment and mixed into 108 types of composite sample for each of the 4 regions of the Republic. A total of 432 composite samples were prepared for analysis of basic content of chemical substances. For determination of certain substances the composite samples from separate regions were further mixed so that the Republic is represented by 108 mixed composite samples. Certain special analytical determinations (toxic congeners, PCB, dibenzofuranes, dioxins, nitrites etc.) required a different, rationally based selection or combination of food samples. A total of 86 separate chemical substances was quantified in food samples. The following analytes were newly studied in 2002: alpha-chlordan, gamma-chlordan, oxy-chlordan, mirex, vitamins B1, B2, B6. Detected concentrations of chemical substances were used for calculating estimates of mean exposure doses for the population of the Czech Republic, based on data pertaining to actual food consumption according to the consumer basket. For long-term comparison of exposure doses (since 1994) a model of recommended food doses for CR was used, based on 5 population groups (children, men, women, pregnant/lactating women, older persons – Tab. 7.1). This model facilitates standardisation of results and hence long-term monitoring of trends in changes of concentration of chemical substances in foodstuffs.
In 2002, the mean chronic exposure population dose of monitored organic substances (PCBs, aldrin endrin, dieldrin, methoxychlorine, endosulphane, heptachloroepoxide, heaxachlorobenzene, alpha-, beta-, delta-, gamma- (lindane) isomers of hexachlorcyclohexane, isomers of DDT, DDD, DDE, alpha-, gamma-, oxy- chlordan, mirex) from foodstuffs did not exceed critical values associated with inadmissibly heightened risk of consumer health damage (non-carcinogenic). Population exposure estimated according to actual consumption was again highest for PCBs. Exposure to the sum of 7 PCB indicator congeners reached a mean value of approximately 8.8 % of the tolerable daily intake (TDI). The highest number of positive findings using analytical methods with increased sensitivity was observed at PCB congeners nos. 138, 153 and 180 (71, 67 and 60 %). A high number of positive findings was repeatedly found in p,p-DDE (80 %) which is an increase compared to 2001 (62 %). A high number of positive findings was likewise observed in o, p DDD (59 %) and HCH gamma isomers (49 %). Fewer positive findings in comparison to previous years were detected for HCB (26 %). The exposure doses were again very low (0.12 % PTDI for ‘the sum of DDT’ = p,p’DDT + o,pDDT + p,p’DDD + p,p’DDE and 2.3 % TDI for HCB). This reflects a persistent overall contamination with these organic pollutants but at very low levels with no substantial significance to consumer health.
In 2002, the estimate of the exposure dose to substances with the so-called ‘dioxin-effect’ (TEQ 2,3,7,8-TCDD for the sum of 29 PCB toxic congeners, dioxin and dibenzofurans) was about 8.7 pg WHO TEQ TCCD/kg b.w./week. This is equivalent to about 61 % TWI (EU), a value within the boundaries of estimated exposure doses from previous years. New technology (HRCG/HRMS) has made estimation more accurate. However, this relatively positive result should not be over-estimated in view of the very low number of analysis results.
Exposure doses estimated according to the model of recommended food doses logically reached the highest values in children aged 4–6 years. Exposure to the sum of 7 PCB indicator congeners was practically the same as in the previous year reaching a level of 34 % TDI (Fig. 7.3a).
Mean chronic population exposure to inorganic substances (nitrates, nitrites, cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, zinc, manganese, selenium, magnesium, chromium, nickel, aluminium, iron and iodine) did not exceed exposure limits for no-carcinogenic effects. Exposure estimated from the consumer basket has, after years of increase, a moderate decline for nitrates (16 % ADI) and fluctuating load for nitrites (following a decrease to 9 % in 2001 a repeated rise to 20 % ADI). Manganese intake is constant (47 % RfD). Cadmium load is practically the same as in the previous year (19 % PTWI). Lead load continues to decline (8 % PTWI). Although mercury load has increased it remains at an acceptable level (1.7 % PTWI). Copper and zinc remain low (3 % PMTDI and 16 % PMTDI, respectively). Arsenic exposure has lowered slightly (3.9 PTWI). Selenium intake rose slightly (15 % RfD). Nickel and chrome remain at low levels with a fluctuating tendency (9 % RfD and 24 % RfD). Estimated exposure to aluminium and iron has not shown any risk of consumer health impairment (5 % PTWI and 18 % PMTDI) (Fig. 7.2).
Exposure estimated according to the model for recommended doses of foodstuffs has again reached the highest values in the 4–6 year age group. Exposure to nitrates reached about 77 % ADI, while exposure to manganese has reached almost 175 % RfD. These results confirm the necessity of monitoring and analysing the child population group, which is clearly at risk in terms of nutrition.
Evaluation of the intake of certain trace elements (zinc, copper, selenium, chrome, nickel, manganese, magnesium, calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, iron) according to the consumer basket has revealed the following exposure doses: 110 % of the population normative minimum for zinc, 74 % for copper, 123 % for selenium, 133 % for chrome, 315 % for nickel, 130 % for manganese, 84 % for magnesium, 86 % for calcium, 168 % for phosphorous, 79 % for sodium (e.g. 136 % of the recommended N.A.S USA recommendation), 80 % for potassium (the intake ratio of Ca/P was repeatedly low while that of Na/K was relatively high), and 66 % for iron. In the case of using iodised salt for culinary purposes the recommended iodine intake was covered by 155 %.
Exposure to trace elements estimated according to the model for recommended doses of foodstuffs reached the lowest values in the over 60 years age-group (see the model for selenium in Fig. 7.3b). The pattern of food consumption in the spectrum of recommended doses does not cover recommended intake in certain minerals.
A theoretical estimate of probable increase in the risk of contracting cancer resulting from dietary exposure (mean of exposure doses according to the consumer food basket) to selected chemicals (sum of 7 indicator PCB congeners, alpha- and beta- isomers of HCH, lindane, p,p´- isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachloroepoxide (A + B), HCB, and toxic arsenic) amounted to about 68 additional cases in the Czech Republic in 2002. Traditionally, PCBs (down to 38 cases) and arsenic (17 cases) represented the greatest share in this increase. The estimate for chemicals with a dioxin effect (expressed as the sum of TEQ TCDD for 29 congeners of PCBs, dioxins and dibenzofurans) amounted to about 26 cases for the Czech Republic and the year 2002.
7.7 Partial conclusions
Results of the analysis of notified alimentary infections in the year 2002 do not differ distinctly from those in preceding years. The increasing trend is registered by campylobacteriosis, on the other hand, by salmonellosis, shigellosis and viral hepatitis A the decreasing trend.
Results of microbiological analyses suggest which commodities in the market network are most frequently contaminated with pathogenic agents, and serve to obtain a more precise conception of the alimentary infection causes.
Samples taken simultaneously for mycological analysis confirm the presumption of the relatively frequent incidence of toxigenic micromycetes Aspergillus Flavus, Aspergillus tamarii (producers of mycotoxins – aflatoxins) and Apergillus niger (producer of ochratoxin A) in certain kinds of foodstuffs.
Although there are virtually no foods on the market currently designated as containing GMO or raw materials from GMO, their presence has been detected at a content exceeding 12 % in soya beans and over 37 % in soya products. These figures do not, however, denote any heightened health-risk in the light of present knowledge on the subject.
Results of monitoring the exposure to certain hazardous chemicals from foodstuffs in the Czech Republic confirm marked vacillations of exposure doses in connection with changes in contamination levels; however, it is necessary to remember that the major factor influencing exposure is mainly the pattern of foodstuff consumption. The characterization of the health risk appears to be relatively favorable for the average person in the population. In number of persisting contaminants the values of exposure doses have decreased or remained at low levels, only in a few substances there was an increase in exposure. Assessment with the aid of the model of recommended foodstuffs doses revealed certain health risks, namely for children (greater exposure to chemicals) and elderly people (risk of insufficient intake of certain minerals).
Table 7.1 Recommended foodstuff doses (servings /person/day) for selected population groupsa
Population group |
Age |
Body weight |
Cereals |
Vegetable |
Fruit |
Milk |
Protein |
Other |
Energy |
Children |
4–6 |
15 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
* |
7 047 |
Male, adult |
18 |
70 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
* |
11 996 |
Female, adult |
18 |
58 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
* |
7 988 |
Female pregn./nurs. |
18 |
58 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
* |
9 787 |
Seniors |
60 |
64 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
* |
5 987 |
* This means temperance in fats, oils, sugar and sweets consumption: 15 g added fats, 10 g added sugar and 300 ml beverages were used for calculation.
Notes:
a Literature used: see Chapter 14
b Energy value of the model without calculating added fats, sugar, sweets
and beverages. Energy value was computed by the sum of weighted means of
energy values for particular foodstuff groups calculated according to the
real food availability ratio in CZ in 1997 (SKP 2000, Ruprich et al., 2000).
Model of recommended foodstuff doses in CZ used for evaluation of exposure to contaminants
For estimation of the model exposure the values in parenthesis were used.
Table 7.2 Exposure estimate to selected compounds, 2002 from the consumer foodstuff basket
Compound |
Exp. limit |
Type of exp. limit |
Compound |
Exp. limit |
Type of exp. limit |
Arsenic |
3.9 |
PTWI |
Copper |
3.0 |
PMTDI |
Nitrates |
16.0 |
ADI |
Nickel |
9.0 |
RfD |
Nitrites |
20.0 |
ADI |
Lead |
8.0 |
PTWI |
Aluminium |
5.0 |
PTWI |
Mercury |
1.7 |
PTWI |
Chromium |
24.0 |
RfD |
Selenium |
15.0 |
RfD |
Cadmium |
19.0 |
PTWI |
Zinc |
16.0 |
PMTDI |
Manganese |
47.0 |
RfD |
Iron |
18.0 |
PMTDI |
Table 7.3 Exposure estimate to the trace elements, 2002 from the consumer foodstuff basket
Trace element |
Filling the recommended |
Trace element |
Filling the recommended |
Potassium |
80 |
Nickel |
315 |
Phosphorus |
168 |
Selenium |
123 |
Magnesium |
84 |
Sodium |
79 |
Chromium |
133 |
Calcium |
86 |
Iodine* |
155 |
Zinc |
110 |
Manganese |
130 |
Iron |
66 |
Copper |
74 |
|
|
* In case of iodinated salt usage