11. HEALTH RISKS FROM SOIL POLLUTION IN URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS |
11.1 Organization of monitoring activities
The subsystem consists of urban soil monitoring with the objective to assess
the degree of health risk following from exposure to toxic substances through
ingestion of soil and particulate matter from soil (dust). Up to and including
the year 2003, the subsystem also included the assessment of exposure to
microbial agents. In view of that the greatest probability of increased
exposure to noxious substances from contaminated soil is in the child population
of
In the year 2004 there have been carried out samplings of soil and assessments
of its contaminants in 134 kindergartens in participant cities of Monitoring
System, namely in the kindergartens of Ústí nad Labem, Plzeň, České Budějovice,
Liberec, Jablonec nad Nisou, Šumperk as well as in the cities of Teplice,
Strakonice, Rokycany, and Jeseník. Included were all kindergartens in the
cadasters of the cities under
11.2 Factors under follow-up
In each sample of topsoil from kindergarten playgrounds there have been studied the following factors:
Samples of topsoil were taken and processed following Standard Operation
Procedures elaborated within the framework of an accession study, namely
for sampling, storage, and transport of soil, for analytical determinations
of selected metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soils. Samples of soil
for chemical analyses were taken in the period of May through September
2004. Elemental analyses were performed by
The concentrations found were compared with the draft of public health
limits in the amendment to the Ministry of Health Decree No. 135/2004, in
which there have been set public health requirements for bathing sites,
saunas, and for hygiene limits of sand in sandpits. There has been made
an estimate of exposure to the contaminants under
11.3 Levels of topsoil contamination
11.3.1 Toxic metals and trace elements
Concentrations of the metals under
The highest mean concentration of arsenic in the soil of kindergartens
was found in Teplice (33.6 mg/kg), somewhat lower being in Strakonice (see
Tab. 11.1b). The mean values found in kindergartens in the other cities ranged
below 20 mg/kg. The highest mean concentration of lead was found in Jablonec
nad Nisou
Most often the draft limits were exceeded in arsenic in which the vast
majority of soil samples exceeded the limit; and in lead in which the limit
value was exceeded in roughly one half of cases. The greatest number of
kindergartens exceeded the limit for arsenic in Teplice, Strakonice, Rokycany, and
Jablonec nad Nisou (that being 100 %). In Ústí nad Labem the recommended
limit value of arsenic was exceeded in 84 % of kindergartens, in Plzeň and
Liberec that was 80 %, in České Budějovice 24 % of kindergartens, and in
the kindergartens of Jeseník and Šumperk that was 20 % of them. Exceeding
the limit for lead was found most frequently in Jablonec nad Nisou (in
all kindergartens), in Rokycany (in 80 % of kindergartens), and in Liberec
(in 65 % of kindergartens).
11.3.2 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
Results of determinations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in topsoil samples from kindergartens are presented in Tab. 11.2a and 11.2b that include the basic statistical parameters for polyaromatic hydrocarbons classified by US EPA as being carcinogenic.
The concentrations of
In view of the lower health risk posed by
The content of chrysene found in the soil of kindergartens looks unfavorable
in view of the draft limit that has been set very low. In as the draft value
is below the detection limit of the analytical method used, it is difficult
to express exactly the number of kindergartens meeting that value. In comparison with
the draft limit of the most studied and healthwise most serious PAH,
11.4 The health risk of unintentional ingestion of soil
The concentrations of selected PAHs found in the soil of kindergartens
within the framework of Subsystem VIII served as documentation for the evaluation
of the health risk posed by contaminated soil through its unintentional
ingestion by the child population of
The seriousness in relation to health, of the contamination of soil with
metals can be expressed as the potential share in the overall oral exposure
through unintentional ingestions of soil and particulate matter (dust) from
soil, i.e. by the contribution to dietary exposure. The relation between
the estimated exposure and the exposure limit (recommended by the WHO –
PTWI, PMTDI,
For the calculation of a theoretical increase in the probability of contracting
cancer due to exposure to a contaminant through unintentional ingestion
of soil, there has been applied the method of health risk assessment or
the linear
11.4.1 Exposure assessment – metals
In no kindergarten in any of the cities under
The tapping of the exposure limit for lead was followed by the PTWI of arsenic. For arsenic, i.e. for its inorganic (toxic) form, there has been recommended a maximum PTWI of 15 µg/kg per week (in children weighing 15 kg, that being about 32 µg/day). For the mean and maximum arsenic content in soil the share of intake was in the range of percentage units of the exposure limit, with the exception of Teplice where the intake of arsenic in PTWI from soil ingestion is higher (see Tab. 11.3a). For comparison, according to the monitoring data of subsystem IV, the average adult has an intake of toxic arsenic from foodstuff at the level of 4 % PTWI (27 % RfD), while along with PCBs, arsenic in the diet represents the greatest share in the carcinogenic risk from foodstuffs.
The estimated exposure in the other metals under monitoring was low. The tapping of the exposure limits recommended by the WHO was in the range of tenths of a percent.
A comparison of exposure with mostly considerably lower, i.e. more strict, exposure limits in the form of daily reference doses (RfD US EPA) has revealed that the intake from soil represents the greatest share in the overall reference dose for arsenic. The RfD of arsenic represents a considerably lower exposure limit than PTWI does, namely 0.3 µg/kg/day. From the point of view of assessing according to US EPA the share of arsenic intake through soil and dust ingestion in the overall daily reference dose is considerable in all the cities. The greatest intake has been estimated to be in Teplice where at the maximum value of arsenic concentrations in the soil the estimated intake of arsenic from soil exceeded the reference daily intake by 33 %. Data on the tapping of the exposure limit through soil ingestion for lead and arsenic are presented in Tab. 11.3a.
According to the magnitude of the estimated exposure in comparison with the reference value RfD with the aid of the Harm Index (HI), all the values for all the metals under surveillance in all of the cities were below the value of 1, around one third of the reference daily intake at the mean concentration of arsenic in the soil, and around one half in the case of the maximum concentrations found. An exception were Teplice and Strakonice where there have been found higher HI values; at the highest found arsenic content in the soil of a kindergarten in Teplice there has been found an HI exceeding the value of 1 (i.e. the estimated exposure exceeded the daily reference dose). As compared with the US EPA overall oral reference dose, there has been found a theoretically increased share in the intake of arsenic from soil in children in all the cities (Fig. 11.3).
11.4.2 Exposure assessment – polyaromatic hydrocarbons
In recent years there is an increasing frequency of studies on the relation between the ingestion of soil contaminated with organic substances (PAHs, PCB, PCDF, etc.) and the impact on the health of the child population. The ingestion of contaminated soil has been described in several studies as being one of the major pathways of exposure of small children to polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Hitherto published studies on those problems point out the significance of the contamination of soil with carcinogenic PAHs and indicate the need to study the problem in more detail.
In the PAHs under
11.4.3 Assessment of the carcinogenic risk
The estimate of the theoretical increase in the probability of the appearance
of tumor diseases caused by exposure to arsenic in consequence of unintentional
soil ingestion is in the majority of cities under
The risk of contracting cancer due to exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbons
in consequence of unintentional soil ingestion is lower than that in the
case of arsenic. Those values are in the range of
Calculations of exposure and risk have been carried out following the standard US EPA procedure, nevertheless, the factors applied that determine exposure, are always biased by a certain degree of uncertainty that may in a given case lead to the overrating of the risk. Among the factors that could lead to overrating the risk is the varying measure of biological availability of the contemplated contaminants. The average daily potential dose is simultaneously considered as the dose absorbed (i.e. absorbed 100%) because the degree of biological availability of substances present in soil has not been studied in detail yet. In the estimation of the degree of carcinogenic risk and exposure to arsenic there joins in the fact that in soil there is being determined total arsenic, while exposure limits and guidelines on cancer risk are determined for the toxic form of arsenic, i.e. inorganic compounds. Organic compounds of arsenic are considered to be substantially less toxic or even not at all. Among the factors of uncertainty there are also the individual amounts of unintentionally ingested soil and particulate matter from the soil by children, as well as dermal exposure (absorption through the skin) described in several studies.
11.5 Partial conclusions
From the results it is apparent that arsenic and lead can be healthwise
significant inorganic contaminants, the concentrations of which in most
kindergartens of all the cities under
The health risk of exposure to PAHs not classifiable as carcinogenic by
US EPA, has been found to be low. The recommended maximum content of
On the basis of a calculation of the theoretical increase in the probability
of the appearance of tumor diseases in consequence of exposure to arsenic
through unintentional soil ingestion there have been obtained values in
the order of
Tab. 11.1a Concentration of elements in the kindergartens upper soil, cities of the Monitoring System
|
Concentration of element [mg/kg] |
||||||
Lead |
Chromium |
Arsenic |
Beryllium |
Vanadium |
Mercury |
Copper |
|
Recommended limits |
50 |
85 |
10 |
1.5 |
80 |
0.3 |
45 |
Ústí nad Labem N = 19 |
|||||||
Median |
37.9 |
73.9 |
16.0 |
0.64 |
108.0 |
0.23 |
39.3 |
Arithmetic mean |
38.7 |
81.3 |
16.4 |
0.63 |
109.3 |
0.25 |
41.4 |
|
99.9 |
152.0 |
27.2 |
0.95 |
224.0 |
0.78 |
87.2 |
|
18.5 |
34.1 |
7.9 |
0.36 |
37.5 |
0.06 |
16.5 |
Standard deviation |
18.7 |
33.2 |
5.5 |
0.15 |
49.5 |
0.16 |
17.1 |
Standard deviation [%] |
48.4 |
40.8 |
33.8 |
23.82 |
45.3 |
62.39 |
41.2 |
Šumperk N = 10 |
|||||||
Median |
30.3 |
47.4 |
9.0 |
2.04 |
46.8 |
0.08 |
17.6 |
Arithmetic mean |
31.0 |
44.7 |
8.3 |
2.00 |
46.4 |
0.09 |
18.3 |
|
44.9 |
60.2 |
10.9 |
2.48 |
63.4 |
0.21 |
28.2 |
|
21.7 |
21.6 |
4.0 |
1.47 |
26.3 |
0.05 |
11.5 |
Standard deviation |
7.5 |
9.8 |
2.0 |
0.31 |
10.8 |
0.04 |
4.8 |
Standard deviation [%] |
24.2 |
21.9 |
24.0 |
15.73 |
23.3 |
45.38 |
26.6 |
Jablonec nad Nisou N = 10 |
|||||||
Median |
90.3 |
34.0 |
13.1 |
0.36 |
43.4 |
0.39 |
63.0 |
Arithmetic mean |
97.7 |
35.3 |
13.9 |
0.46 |
45.7 |
0.40 |
72.3 |
Xmax |
163.0 |
56.8 |
18.3 |
1.19 |
64.6 |
0.59 |
169.0 |
Xmin |
53.0 |
27.7 |
11.0 |
0.05 |
30.0 |
0.19 |
18.5 |
Standard deviation |
29.1 |
8.0 |
2.3 |
0.39 |
9.5 |
0.12 |
43.1 |
Standard deviation [%] |
29.8 |
22.7 |
16.8 |
85.95 |
20.8 |
31.03 |
59.6 |
Liberec N = 20 |
|||||||
Median |
57.6 |
32.4 |
14.9 |
0.05 |
36.2 |
0.24 |
22.2 |
Arithmetic mean |
58.8 |
35.3 |
17.5 |
0.09 |
39.2 |
2.45 |
27.3 |
Xmax |
119.0 |
60.5 |
78.8 |
0.83 |
71.5 |
26.00 |
115.0 |
Xmin |
29.8 |
17.8 |
8.0 |
0.05 |
13.0 |
0.11 |
9.8 |
Standard deviation |
21.1 |
10.4 |
14.6 |
0.17 |
14.1 |
6.78 |
21.7 |
Standard deviation [%] |
35.8 |
29.5 |
83.6 |
191.01 |
36.0 |
276.71 |
79.5 |
Plzeň N = 25 |
|||||||
Median |
46.3 |
44.8 |
17.2 |
1.48 |
65.7 |
0.19 |
30.5 |
Arithmetic mean |
48.6 |
45.4 |
16.4 |
1.38 |
64.4 |
0.21 |
31.8 |
Xmax |
88.2 |
82.7 |
28.0 |
2.24 |
117.0 |
0.43 |
64.3 |
Xmin |
25.3 |
24.4 |
5.2 |
0.84 |
33.6 |
0.07 |
10.8 |
Standard deviation |
15.6 |
13.0 |
6.4 |
0.35 |
18.0 |
0.09 |
12.5 |
Standard deviation [%] |
32.1 |
28.6 |
38.8 |
25.45 |
27.9 |
42.26 |
39.3 |
České Budějovice N = 21 |
|||||||
Median |
40.6 |
39.2 |
6.1 |
8.00 |
36.2 |
0.16 |
17.7 |
Arithmetic mean |
49.1 |
39.5 |
8.6 |
7.82 |
40.4 |
0.56 |
23.2 |
Xmax |
97.9 |
64.3 |
27.3 |
9.63 |
73.0 |
7.20 |
60.3 |
Xmin |
28.8 |
18.8 |
0.6 |
2.64 |
15.3 |
0.07 |
6.4 |
Standard deviation |
19.4 |
10.7 |
6.4 |
1.21 |
14.3 |
1.50 |
15.6 |
Standard deviation [%] |
39.5 |
27.1 |
74.8 |
15.46 |
35.3 |
266.87 |
67.5 |
N – number of kindergartens
Xmax – maximum pollutant concentration of monitored kindergartens
Xmin – minimum pollutant concentration of monitored kindergartens
Tab. 11.1b Concentration of elements in the kindergartens upper soil, associated cities
|
Concentration of element [mg/kg] |
||||||
Lead |
Chromium |
Arsenic |
Beryllium |
Vanadium |
Mercury |
Copper |
|
Recommended limits |
50 |
85 |
10 |
1.5 |
80 |
0.3 |
45 |
Teplice N = 10 |
|||||||
Median |
51.7 |
66.4 |
33.6 |
1.66 |
94.6 |
0.23 |
42.2 |
Arithmetic mean |
65.5 |
89.2 |
34.7 |
1.89 |
98.6 |
0.24 |
43.2 |
Xmax |
187.0 |
286.0 |
52.1 |
3.17 |
181.0 |
0.40 |
64.1 |
Xmin |
33.0 |
52.5 |
26.8 |
1.37 |
56.1 |
0.19 |
29.8 |
Standard deviation |
42.4 |
66.4 |
7.4 |
0.61 |
36.5 |
0.06 |
9.5 |
Standard deviation [%] |
64.8 |
74.5 |
21.2 |
32.36 |
37.1 |
24.70 |
21.9 |
Jeseník N = 5 |
|||||||
Median |
27.6 |
60.3 |
7.8 |
1.83 |
78.0 |
0.09 |
34.0 |
Arithmetic mean |
30.3 |
51.9 |
7.5 |
1.89 |
83.3 |
0.14 |
31.5 |
Xmax |
41.4 |
69.0 |
12.7 |
2.47 |
120.0 |
0.37 |
40.0 |
Xmin |
16.2 |
28.0 |
3.6 |
1.40 |
35.6 |
0.05 |
16.8 |
Standard deviation |
9.0 |
17.0 |
3.3 |
0.36 |
29.0 |
0.11 |
8.5 |
Standard deviation [%] |
29.9 |
32.8 |
43.5 |
19.02 |
34.8 |
79.20 |
27.1 |
Rokycany N = 5 |
|||||||
Median |
76.7 |
56.5 |
16.3 |
1.72 |
73.1 |
0.20 |
50.8 |
Arithmetic mean |
166.8 |
67.0 |
14.9 |
1.65 |
65.8 |
0.22 |
69.1 |
Xmax |
584.0 |
136.0 |
20.9 |
1.98 |
87.4 |
0.31 |
176.0 |
Xmin |
40.5 |
35.0 |
10.1 |
1.22 |
35.1 |
0.14 |
24.5 |
Standard deviation |
209.1 |
35.8 |
4.0 |
0.28 |
19.6 |
0.06 |
55.5 |
Standard deviation [%] |
125.4 |
53.5 |
26.7 |
17.18 |
29.7 |
25.87 |
80.3 |
Strakonice N = 9 |
|||||||
Median |
43.2 |
57.1 |
22.4 |
* |
66.8 |
0.13 |
28.7 |
Arithmetic mean |
44.0 |
56.8 |
24.0 |
|
66.9 |
0.16 |
32.2 |
Xmax |
56.3 |
65.2 |
40.2 |
|
88.1 |
0.36 |
64.6 |
Xmin |
29.2 |
45.5 |
13.4 |
|
52.5 |
0.06 |
19.9 |
Standard deviation |
9.1 |
5.9 |
7.9 |
|
10.5 |
0.09 |
13.3 |
Standard deviation [%] |
20.6 |
10.3 |
32.9 |
|
15.6 |
58.85 |
41.3 |
N – number of kindergartens
* not measured
Xmax – maximum pollutant concentration of monitored kindergartens
Xmin – minimum pollutant concentration of monitored kindergartens
Tab. 11.2a Concentration of PAHs in the kindergartens upper soil classified
|
Concentration of PAHs [mg/kg] |
||||||
Benzo[a]- |
Benzo[b]- |
Benzo[k]- |
Benzo[a]- |
Indeno- |
Di- |
Chrysene |
|
Recommended limits |
1.00 |
L |
L |
0.10 |
L |
L |
0.01 |
Ústí nad Labem N = 19 |
|||||||
Median |
* |
0.18 |
0.09 |
0.16 |
0.13 |
* |
* |
Arithmetic mean |
|
0.20 |
0.10 |
0.19 |
0.14 |
|
|
Xmax |
|
0.60 |
0.30 |
0.57 |
0.45 |
|
|
Xmin |
|
0.04 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
|
|
Standard deviation |
|
0.16 |
0.08 |
0.17 |
0.12 |
|
|
Standard deviation [%] |
|
82.68 |
88.18 |
88.86 |
88.70 |
|
|
Jablonec nad Nisou N = 10 |
|||||||
Median |
0.47 |
1.50 |
0.60 |
0.62 |
0.61 |
0.25 |
0.67 |
Arithmetic mean |
0.63 |
1.43 |
0.55 |
0.96 |
0.77 |
0.38 |
0.89 |
Xmax |
1.50 |
3.00 |
0.90 |
2.10 |
1.90 |
1.50 |
1.70 |
Xmin |
0.05 |
0.11 |
0.06 |
0.09 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
0.07 |
Standard deviation |
0.47 |
0.93 |
0.28 |
0.70 |
0.56 |
0.43 |
0.61 |
Standard deviation [%] |
73.85 |
65.27 |
51.72 |
73.52 |
73.44 |
112.05 |
68.94 |
Liberec N = 10 |
|||||||
Median |
0.26 |
0.39 |
0.20 |
0.38 |
0.22 |
0.32 |
0.29 |
Arithmetic mean |
0.37 |
0.62 |
0.28 |
0.42 |
0.36 |
0.48 |
0.41 |
Xmax |
1.20 |
3.00 |
0.70 |
1.19 |
1.01 |
1.50 |
1.30 |
Xmin |
0.05 |
0.11 |
0.05 |
0.06 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.05 |
Standard deviation |
0.29 |
0.64 |
0.19 |
0.33 |
0.30 |
0.41 |
0.37 |
Standard deviation [%] |
80.07 |
102.58 |
68.93 |
78.54 |
82.39 |
84.61 |
90.16 |
Plzeň N = 25 |
|||||||
Median |
0.17 |
0.08 |
0.12 |
0.09 |
0.15 |
0.25 |
0.07 |
Arithmetic mean |
0.22 |
0.14 |
0.13 |
0.11 |
0.19 |
0.28 |
0.11 |
Xmax |
0.68 |
0.54 |
0.44 |
0.33 |
0.72 |
0.80 |
0.48 |
Xmin |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
0.06 |
0.01 |
Standard deviation |
0.16 |
0.13 |
0.10 |
0.09 |
0.16 |
0.18 |
0.10 |
Standard deviation [%] |
75.16 |
95.85 |
80.25 |
80.54 |
87.94 |
62.72 |
90.49 |
České Budějovice N = 21 |
|||||||
Median |
0.35 |
0.45 |
0.15 |
0.31 |
0.47 |
0.08 |
0.34 |
Arithmetic mean |
0.51 |
0.60 |
0.19 |
0.41 |
0.57 |
0.09 |
0.44 |
Xmax |
1.71 |
1.89 |
0.50 |
1.34 |
1.82 |
0.28 |
1.14 |
Xmin |
0.02 |
0.07 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
0.06 |
0.01 |
0.04 |
Standard deviation |
0.46 |
0.52 |
0.15 |
0.35 |
0.48 |
0.08 |
0.35 |
Standard deviation [%] |
89.71 |
86.67 |
80.61 |
85.76 |
84.67 |
82.35 |
80.55 |
N – number of kindergartens
L – limit is not set
* not measured
Xmax – maximum pollutant concentration of monitored kindergartens
Xmin – minimum pollutant concentration of monitored kindergartens
Tab. 11.2b Concentration of PAHs in the kindergartens upper soil classified
|
Concentration of PAHs [mg/kg] |
||||||
Benzo[a]- |
Benzo[b]- |
Benzo[k]- |
Benzo[a]- |
Indeno- |
Di- |
Chrysene |
|
Recommended limits |
1.00 |
L |
L |
0.10 |
L |
L |
0.01 |
Teplice N = 10 |
|||||||
Median |
* |
0.46 |
0.22 |
0.45 |
0.32 |
* |
* |
Arithmetic mean |
|
0.48 |
0.23 |
0.48 |
0.35 |
|
|
Xmax |
|
1.11 |
0.53 |
1.16 |
0.80 |
|
|
Xmin |
|
0.06 |
0.03 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
|
|
Standard deviation |
|
0.29 |
0.14 |
0.32 |
0.22 |
|
|
Standard deviation [%] |
|
60.90 |
61.60 |
65.20 |
61.50 |
|
|
Rokycany N = 10 |
|||||||
Median |
0.48 |
0.23 |
0.23 |
0.23 |
0.23 |
0.43 |
0.28 |
Arithmetic mean |
0.58 |
0.32 |
0.28 |
0.40 |
0.22 |
0.46 |
0.40 |
Xmax |
0.96 |
0.80 |
0.65 |
1.01 |
0.33 |
0.84 |
0.79 |
Xmin |
0.38 |
0.09 |
0.07 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
0.14 |
0.26 |
Standard deviation |
0.21 |
0.25 |
0.20 |
0.34 |
0.10 |
0.23 |
0.20 |
Standard deviation [%] |
35.70 |
79.40 |
70.00 |
85.60 |
47.40 |
49.10 |
50.80 |
Strakonice N = 10 |
|||||||
Median |
0.62 |
0.74 |
0.24 |
0.50 |
0.69 |
0.10 |
0.63 |
Arithmetic mean |
0.65 |
0.78 |
0.25 |
0.50 |
0.66 |
0.08 |
0.51 |
Xmax |
1.29 |
1.50 |
0.44 |
0.93 |
1.21 |
0.15 |
0.83 |
Xmin |
0.08 |
0.10 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
0.14 |
0.01 |
0.07 |
Standard deviation |
0.42 |
0.48 |
0.14 |
0.31 |
0.37 |
0.05 |
0.27 |
Standard deviation [%] |
65.10 |
61.80 |
57.30 |
62.60 |
56.00 |
56.90 |
53.50 |
N – number of kindergartens
L – limit is not set
* not measured
Xmax – maximum pollutant concentration of monitored kindergartens
Xmin – minimum pollutant concentration of monitored kindergartens
Tab. 11.3a Estimate of share of soil ingestion on the total oral daily intake [in % of exposure limit]
|
Lead [% PTWI] |
Arsenic [% PTWI] |
Arsenic [% RfD] |
|||
Median |
Maximum |
Median |
Maximum |
Median |
Maximum |
|
Ústí nad Labem |
7 |
11 |
6 |
8 |
39 |
54 |
Šumperk |
6 |
11 |
3 |
5 |
21 |
31 |
Jablonec nad Nisou |
20 |
33 |
5 |
8 |
35 |
54 |
Liberec |
20 |
17 |
5 |
7 |
38 |
52 |
Plzeň |
20 |
14 |
5 |
7 |
38 |
50 |
České Budějovice |
20 |
17 |
2 |
3 |
17 |
23 |
|
|
|||||
Teplice |
12 |
20 |
12 |
19 |
87 |
133 |
Jeseník |
6 |
13 |
2 |
5 |
19 |
32 |
Rokycany |
20 |
42 |
5 |
10 |
37 |
67 |
Strakonice |
9 |
16 |
8 |
13 |
58 |
92 |
Tab. 11.3b Carcinogenic risk estimate from soil ingestion
|
Individual lifetime cancer risk – arsenic |
Individual lifetime cancer risk – |
||
Median estimate |
Maximum estimate |
Median estimate |
Maximum estimate |
|
Ústí nad Labem |
|
|
|
|
Šumperk |
|
|
|
|
Jablonec nad Nisou |
|
|
|
|
Liberec |
|
|
|
|
Plzeň |
|
|
|
|
České Budějovice |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
Teplice |
|
|
|
|
Jeseník |
|
|
|
|
Rokycany |
|
|
|
|
Strakonice |
|
|
|
|
Legend for Tables 11.3a, b:
Median estimate – based on the median value of pollutant concentration in kindergartens
Maximum estimate – based on the maximum value of pollutant concentration
out of monitored kindergartens