7. CONSEQUENCES TO HEALTH OF THE BURDENING OF THE HUMAN ORGANISM WITH CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD CHAINS, DIETARY EXPOSURE |
7.1 Organization of monitoring activities
Subsystem IV in the monitoring period under consideration consisted of four project parts. The first part of the project deals with the monitoring of the occurrence of selected pathogenic bacteria in sampled foodstuffs. Bacterial strains isolated from food are subject to further qualitative analysis, including testing for antibiotic resistance and, in the case of listeria, quantitative determination of CFU/g. The second part of the project deals with the monitoring of the incidence of toxic micromycetes (moulds) in sampled foodstuffs. Micromycete isolates are classified by genus and species and their toxicity (particularly the production of aflatoxins and ochratoxins) is studied. The third part of the project focuses on the monitoring of the presence of foodstuffs based on genetically modified organisms on the Czech market. Inclusion of this part is a response to public demand for information about the situation in the Czech Republic and to information requirements leveled by the EU and other international organizations, not in view of anticipated health risks. The presence of GM soya, corn (maize) and tomatoes is monitored. This part is financed foremost from other resources than those of the System of Monitoring. The fourth part of the project deals with the monitoring of the population’s dietary exposure to selected chemical substances. The monitoring of dietary exposure is being carried out in 12 cities of the Czech Republic. The number of locations was selected so as to provide a uniform representation of the regions involved at the beginning of the monitoring. Food samples are collected in one location where they undergo standard culinary preparation and are subsequently analyzed for the content of selected chemical substances. The results obtained serve to estimate the degree of exposure and to characterize the health risks associated with the nutritional habits of the population in the Czech Republic. Since the year 2004, this part has been carried out at two-year intervals and all the other above-mentioned project results are evaluated and published annually.
This chapter also contains a summary of alimentary infections and intoxications
reported in the year 2005 and their development in recent years, as processed
by the Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology at the NIPH.
7.2 Alimentary infections and intoxications
Data on alimentary infections and intoxications are taken from the EPIDAT information system. In the year 2005, morbidity due to food-borne infections in the Czech Republic increased further, as well as viral hepatitis morbidity. In comparison with the average year (2000–2004), there has increased the incidence of viral intestinal infections and campylobacterioses, on the other hand there were lesser numbers of reported cases of listeriosis and shigellosis (Fig. 7.1). The occurrence of reported cases per 100,000 of the population is presented in Table 7.1. The development of morbidity rates for selected alimentary infections and intoxications since 1996 is shown in Fig. 7.2.
International comparison is only in preparation, however, following the on-going edited materials of the European Food Safety Authority (Zoonoses Monitoring 2005; EU Directive 92/117/EEC) it can be stated that the reported alimentary infection morbidity in the Czech Republic shall again be the highest in Europe, being perhaps in part comparable to that in Slovakia and Germany. In international comparisons, of course, one has to keep in mind the quality of surveillance which in the Czech Republic has a good standard and also includes the active search of diseased persons.
Although there had been anticipated changes in the etiological spectrum in salmonellosis affections in connection with changes in the situation on the egg market and in the poultry industry in general, diseases caused by the Salmonella enteritidis serotype were prevalent just as in the previous year (96.8 % in 2005; 96.9 % of all cases in 2004). Noteworthy is the registered increase in the share of eggs from the distribution network, as being the suspect vehicle of infection, in comparison with those from domestic breeds (15.5 % and 9.9 %, respectively). There was no substantial shift in the other vehicles of infection, with poultry and confectionary products in the lead. In connection with the high population migration rate there are being imported new salmonella serotypes. The clinical picture in the elderly is more serious, with an increased proportion of septic states. In 74 epidemics there have been affected 1,489 persons in consequence of non-compliance with proper technologies for food preparation in catering. Twenty-one people died due to salmonellosis. The most affected in 2005 were the regions of western Bohemia and southern Moravia and certain districts in northern Bohemia (Fig. 7.3a). The seasonal occurrence of salmonellosis remained typical with an apparent relation to ambient-air temperatures (Fig. 7.4).
Campylobacteriosis in the Czech Republic is an alimentary infection practically just as frequent as salmonellosis. The prevalent etiological agent remains Campylobacter jejuni (in 94.2 % of cases). The affections in the Czech Republic continue to be sporadic cases and family occurrences; in 2005 there have been registered five smaller epidemics among diners upon having consumed poultry meat. Roughly 5 % of more than 30 thousands registered patients fell ill after enjoying grilled chicken in family occurrences. As in previous years, the highest morbidity was in the Moravian- Silesian Region (Fig. 7.3b). The seasonal character of campylobacteriosis occurrence basically corresponds with that of salmonellosis, peaking in the month of August.
The increase in hepatitis A morbidity (Fig. 7.5) is ascribed to the increased circulation of the virus in the Romany-gypsy communities.
No epidemic of listeriosis has been described in the Czech Republic in 2005. In some cases of listeria infection there is suspicion of non-pasteurized milk being the vehicle of infection, however, laboratory confirmation is lacking.
Diagnosed as enteritis caused by Escherichia coli have been 1,709 cases, mainly in children approximately one year of age or in the first months of life. There has been reported no serious clinical form of the disease. Serotypes O 26 (336 cases) and O 55 (265 cases) have been identified most frequently. There has been registered no death in connection with E. coli enteritis. The affections had no seasonal character.
Yersiniosis morbidity remained at the same level (498 reported cases) as in the previous year. No epidemic has been in question. In several patients there has been found an apparent connection with the consumption of smoked goods.
The significance of viral gastroenteritis is increasing (see Fig. 7.1). Although frequently the vehicle of infection is not any primarily infected foodstuff, a high percentage is caused by the contamination of dishes and cutlery by the attending staff at gatherings, parties, etc.
In the year 2005, in the Czech Republic there occurred 4 cases of botulism, in two cases through vacuum-packed smoked goods, in one through home made canned pork and in another case home canned pickled vegetables were the source.
7.3 Bacteriological analysis of foodstuffs
In the part focused on the bacteriological analysis of foodstuffs there has been followed up the occurrence of selected pathogenic agents in foodstuffs from the market network. Selection of the commodities investigated has been conducted following the so-called consumer food basket and has been focused on those groups that have in the past, in the Czech Republic or abroad, participated in causing alimentary disease.
Attention was focused on the demonstration of four etiological agents – causing important alimentary diseases: Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli O157. Except for salmonella, the other agents were monitored only exceptionally within the routine inspection of food safety and therefore virtually no information is available on their incidence in the respective commodities in the Czech Republic.
Microbiological analysis was conducted according to international standards of the EN ISO series. The isolates were confirmed using biochemical analysis and serotypes were determined in salmonellae and Listeria monocytogenes. Salmonella isolates were also monitored for resistance to antibacterial agents, and phage typing was performed in S. enteritidis (SE) and S. typhimurium (STM).
A total of 648 samples of food were examined, in question being various types of meats and giblets, ready-to-cook foods, eggs, as well as meat, delicatessen and confectionary products, mushrooms, fruit, vegetables, and cocoa powder. Positive findings were obtained in 11 samples. Salmonella was isolated from samples of poultry meat, pork liver, and fish meat. The most frequently isolated serotypes of salmonella were S. enteritidis (6 times) and S. typhimurium (2 times), one isolate was obtained of each of the following serotypes: S. kentucky, S. london and S. bovismorbificans. On the basis of bacteriophage subtyping the SE isolates comprised phage types PT 8 (4 times), PT 4b and PT 32a. In the STM isolates in question were phage types DT 104 and DT 1. Positive findings of salmonellae in poultry meat and eggs over the years 1999 through 2005 are presented in Fig. 7.6.
The demonstration of campylobacter was performed in 108 samples of various types of meat and giblets. Positive findings of Campylobacter spp. were obtained in 9 samples (7 samples of poultry meat and giblets, and 2 samples of pork liver). C. jejuni was detected in 6 samples and C. coli in three.
A total of 648 samples was examined for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes (LM), in question were various types of meat and giblets, of fish and delikatessen products, eggs, vegetables and fruit, candies, confectionary products, dry shell fruits and mushrooms. A positive finding of LM was made in 27 samples. LM was demonstrated in samples of various kinds of meat, including poultry (13 samples), in frozen vegetables (6 samples), a frozen dairy product (one sample), meat products (6 samples) and in mushrooms (one sample). The most frequently detected serotype was 1/2. In samples of ready-to-eat food there have been carried out quantitative investigations, in all the samples tested the LM count was less than 5x101 CFU/g.
For the presence of E. coli O157 there have been examined 36 samples of food (poultry and pork liver). The pathogenic agent was found in none of them.
7.4 Mycological analysis of foodstuffs
The monitoring of the incidence of toxinogenic micromycetes (moulds), producers of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, in selected food products continued in 2005. Specialized mycological examination has been focused as previously, on the description and characterization of hazards associated with the occurrence of toxinogenic micromycetes in foodstuffs. Given the detailed mycological monitoring of toxinogenic filamentous micromycetes of the Aspergillus niger group, producers of ochratoxin A, the number of food samples, hitherto collected over a one-year period of monitoring for analysis, has been divided on a one-off basis into two years (2004–2005). In four collecting terms in 2005 there have been sampled 16 kinds of commodities at 12 sampling localities in the Czech Republic, representing a total of 192 food samples.
Qualitative and quantitative data were obtained on the incidence of toxinogenic micromycetes – producing aflatoxins and ochratoxin A – in foodstuffs in the Czech Republic. The total micromycete count was determined in selected foodstuffs [CFU/g of food] and the mycological profile was identified. The incidence of monitored toxigenic micromycetes was characterized by the contamination index (Ic) – i.e., the ratio of potentially toxinogenic micromycetes [CFU/g food] to the overall micromycete count [CFU/g].
Potentially toxinogenic micromycetes Aspergillus flavus, producers of aflatoxins, were detected in a total of 22 samples (i.e. 20 %) of the following foodstuffs: rice, fine (sticky) flour, medium- ground flour, stone-ground flour, rolled oats, wheaten semolina, baby-food mixed grain semolina, black tea, and fruit tea. Of the isolated strains of Aspergillus flavus, 13 strains (59 %) were classified as toxinogenic. Their toxinogenicity was confirmed by the determining of aflatoxin production in a nutrient test medium (YES medium).
Potentially toxinogenic micromycetes of the Aspergillus niger group, producers
of ochratoxin A, were detected in 37 samples (i.e. 62 %) of the following
foodstuffs: raisins, stone-ground (meal) flour, baby-food mixed grain semolina,
black tea and fruit tea. On the basis of the finding of the Aspergillus niger
group in raisins, there have been performed ochratoxin A determinations.
Its presence has been found in 3 samples (25 %) of raisins (arithmetical
mean = 21.9 µg/kg, maximum level 40.7 µg/kg).
7.5 Incidence of genetically modified foods on the Czech Republic’s market
The year 2005 was the fourth year of the “GENOMON” section of monitoring. There has continued the follow-up of the occurrence of foodstuffs made from genetically modified organisms (GMOs) traded in the Czech Republic, from the point of view of them possibly being produced from GM raw material.
As in previous years, there have been taken (in the market network of the Czech Republic, on four different collection dates at 12 locations) altogether 192 samples of foodstuffs (48 samples of tomatoes, 48 samples of soya beans, 48 samples of soya products, and 48 samples of maize flour).
To detect GMO and GMO-containing new food products, there has been applied the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening and identification method, as well as immunochemical methods (ELISA) and the quantitative real-time PCR method (RT-PCR).
Results of the investigations are presented in Fig. 7.2. The results describe the overall number of positive findings of analyses and the proportion of results with GM raw material content greater than or equalling 0.9 %.
Nine samples of soya products and 2 samples of soya beans have been assessed as being GMO-positive by the RT-PCR method. By the variety-specific reaction qualitative method and the method of nested PCR, there has been determined the presence of MON 810 maize in one sample of maize flour. Following regulations EU 1829/2003 and 1830/2003, foodstuffs that contain more than 0.9 % GMO have to be marked as such. The content of up to 0.9 % is considered to be a chance or technically unavoidable admixture of GMO. In the EU, MON 810 maize has been approved for introduction on the market, and therefore its detection was not in contradiction with the legislation.
A comparison of results of RRS determinations in foodstuffs by the RT-PCR method with those in the years 2002–2004 is presented in Tab. 7.3.
In the course of the year 2005 there have not been published any novel
scientific data of topical interest signalizing any potential risks due
to the use of food bases on GMOs.
7.6 Dietary exposure of humans
The objective of the monitoring program in the period of 2004/2005 was to estimate the mean values of population exposure in the Czech Republic to selected chemical substances (important contaminants, nutrients, micronutrients). The data obtained serve at the same time also for the assessment of chronic exposure doses (that assessment is made for a larger time interval of 4–6 years).
The presence of chemical substances in foodstuffs may represent a health risk of non-tumor or tumor diseases, on the other hand, in the case of nutrients and micronutrients a health risk due to insufficient intake.
Over the period of 2004/2005, for the estimate of exposure doses there have been implemented two values of the expected foodstuff consumption, namely the “actual consumption” (obtained from the study of the individual consumption of foodstuffs SISP04 that also provides values of the average food intake per person in the Czech Republic in the year 2003/2004) and the model of recommended doses of foodstuffs (the so-called food pyramid), see Tab. 7.4.
7.6.1 Selection of samples for analysis
The series of samples collected for chemical analysis comprised 205 individual kinds of foodstuffs that have been collected from four regions of the country (12 locations, namely: region A = Plzeň-city, České Budějovice, Benešov; region B = Ústí n/L, Jablonec n/N, Prague; region C = Hradec Králové, Šumperk, Ostrava; region D = Žďár n/S, Brno, Znojmo). The overall number of food samples taken (certain kinds of foodstuffs were sampled repeatedly and under several brand names) amounted to 3,696 in the Czech Republic over two years. For reasons of economy the samples were combined into so-called composite samples for each region. Samples representing each region underwent standard culinary processing and then combined into 143 kinds of composite samples for each of the four regions of the country, some repeatedly and so their total numbers per region were 220 composite samples. For the analysis of chemical substances, over the period of follow-up, there have been prepared 880 composite samples. For the determination of certain chemical substances the composite samples for each region were further combined so that the Czech Republic is represented by a series of 143 combined composite samples. Certain special analytical determinations (toxic PCB congeners, dibenzofuranes and dioxins, nitrites, nitrates, etc.) use a different rationally substantiated selection or combination of food samples.
In the food samples there have been quantified 101 separate chemical substances. The concentrations of chemical substances obtained were used for calculating mean exposure doses in the population of the Czech Republic over the period of 2004–2005. For a long-term comparison of exposure doses (beginning 1994) there has been applied the model of recommended doses of foodstuffs in the Czech republic, which had been set for 5 separate population groups (children, males, females, pregnant/breast-feeding women, the elderly). The model rendered possible the standardization of results so there be possible a long-term follow-up of the trend in the concentrations of chemical substances in foodstuffs independently of any sudden shift in the data on food consumption.
7.6.2 Organic substances
In 2004–2005, the mean chronic exposure dose in the population to the studied organic substances of the group of so-called persistant organic pollutants forbidden by the Stockholm Convention (polychlorinated biphenyls [PCB], aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, methoxychlorine, endosulphane, heptachloroepoxide, hexachlorobenzene [HCB], alpha-, beta-, delta-, gamma- [lindane] hexachlorocyclohexane, DDT isomeres, DDD, DDE, alpha-, gamma-, oxy- chlordane, mirex) from foodstuffs did not reach any values that are being connected with a significant increase in the probability of damage to health (non-carcinogenic effect) in the consumer. The degree of exposure estimated according to the actual consumption of food (SISP04) reached the highest level in PBCs. Exposure to the sum of seven PCB indicator congeners reached the mean level of about 2.9 % of the tolerable daily intake (TDI). That is lower than had been noted in previous years. This change, however, is rather a result of the application of a laboratory method having a lower detection limit lessening the uncertainty of point estimates of exposure, The greatest number of positive analytical detections using these analytical methods was observed in PCB congeners No. 138, 153 and 180 (53, 53 and 40 %, respectively).
A great number of analytical detections has been traditionally observed in p,p´DDE (66%). In the period 2004–2005 the number of detections in o,p´DDD, gamma isomere of HCH, and HCB was lower (13 %, 25 % and 37 %, resp.) than had been found over the previous period. The variation in the number of detections relates to the traditionally low values of concentrations measured and the low exposure doses following from that (e.g. 0.1 % PTDI for the “sum of DDT” = p,p´DDT + o,p´DDT + p,p´ DDD + p,p´ DDE; 3 % TDI for HCB). The results confirm the persisting indiscriminate contamination with persistant organic pollutants, however, at the level of very low concentrations having no serious impact on consumer health.
The estimate of the exposure dose to substances with a so-called dioxin effect (TEQ 2,3,7,8-TCDD for the sum of 29 toxic PCB congeners, dioxins and dibenzofuranes) in the years 2004–2005, represented the value of about 4.4–6.1 pg WHO TEQ TCCD/kg body mass/week. That represents about 31–44 % TWI (EU). That value is lower in comparison with previous years, that being influenced by the application of newer data on foodstuff consumption (SISP04). The relatively favorable result should not be over-rated in view of the very small umber of analytical results (4/yr.). Results have been also determined for the average person in the Czech Republic, therefore, one should expect greater exposure doses in children. In the so-called dioxin toxicity there participate PCBs (65–76 %), dibenzofuranes (23–35 %) and dioxins (0–1 %). The highest intake was found namely through butter and fish and fish products (approx. 2/3 share of TWI).
Exposure doses estimated following the models of recommended doses of foodstuffs reach the highest values in children 4 to 6 years of age. Exposure to the sum of seven PCB indicator congeners in children amounted to 10.7 % TDI. Exposure doses of polychlorinated biphenyls depicted in Fig. 7.8aare lower than their presentation in previous years. There is thus manifested the application of a laboratory method with a lower detectibility limit (calculation of results lesser than the detectibility limit as 1/2 LoQ – lowering of detection uncertainty). A more exact evaluation can be provided by probability assessment of the exposure dose which, however, requires a greater number of measured data.
Over the period of 2004–2005 there has also been followed up a group of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and acrylamide in all types of foodstuffs. The total tin content has been followed up in selected types of foodstuffs (8 kinds of canned meat, canned paté, canned fish, canned vegetables, vegetable purée, compotes, jams and marmelades, baby food fruit). In all cases the results of exposure estimates were relatively favorable. For instance, the exposure dose of benzo[a]pyrene amounted to only 0.002 µg/kg body mass/day. The exposure dose of acrylamide was estimated to be at 0.42 µg/kg b.m./day. Exposure to total tin from selected foodstuffs reached only 12 µg/kg b.m./day (0.6 % PTWI).
7.6.3 Inorganic substances
The mean chronic exposure of the population, determined on the basis of actual food consumption, to inorganic substances (nitrates, nitrites, cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, zinc, manganese, selenium, magnesium, chromium, nickel, iron and iodine) has not led to any exceeding of the exposure limits for non-carcinogenic effect. Exposure to nitrates amounted to 16 % ADI, and nitrites to 22 % ADI, not differing from the previous period. The average intake of manganese amounted to 38 % RfD. The cadmium load dropped moderately to 14.1 % PTWI. The lead load dropped no further, amounting to 6.6 % PTWI. Exposure to total mercury amounted to a favorable 1.9 % PTWI. From the toxicological point of view, the intake of copper and zinc has a continuing low tendency (2.8 % PMTDI and 14.1 % PMTDI). Estimated exposure to “toxic arsenic” (inorganic compounds) reached 4.2 % PTWI. In selenium there has been observed the same intake as in the previous period (14 % RfD). The estimate of exposure to nickel and chromium is at relatively low levels with a tendency to moderate variation (9 % RfD and 17 % RfD). The estimated exposure to aluminium and iron represented no risk of damage to consumer health (3.4 % PTWI and 16 % PMTDD). Estimates of the magnitude of exposure to contaminants with the aid of the proportion of tapping the exposure limit are presented and illustrated in Tab. 7.5a and Fig. 7.7.
The exposure dose estimated following the recommended foodstuff intake model reaches the highest value again in children 4–6 years of age. Exposure to nitrates reached 71 % ADI (including the share from vegetables). The estimate of exposure to total manganese amounted to 138 % RfD (Fig. 7.8b). These results are orientational in as the form of manganese has not been determined.
7.6.4 Microelements
In a general assessment of the intake of certain trace elements (zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, nickel, manganese) as well as of magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium, following the results of a study of individual foodstuff consumption (SISP04) there have been determined exposure doses which for zinc varied at the level of about 98 % of the normative minimum for the population, in copper that was below the population normative minimum, at 67 %. The selenium requirement was covered at the level of the normative minimum (116 %). The estimated intake of chromium was covered 92 %, The contemplated nickel requirement was covered 299 %, the manganese requirement 107 %, magnesium 84 %, calcium 85 %, phosphorus 149 %. The upper limit of sodium intake was tapped 57 % and the potassium requirement was covered 76 %. Iron intake reached only 57 % of that recommended for our population. The iodine requirement in the population was covered by the consumer food basket at 111 %, although intentionally, iodized salt had not been used in the culinary preparation of the food samples analyzed. The estimated intake of microelements is presented in Table 7.5b.
The estimate of trace element intake following the model of recommended intake of foodstuffs reaches the lowest values in the elderly over 60 years of age. In that age group the structure of food consumption in the range of recommended amounts of food does not cover the recommended intake of certain minerals.
7.7 Partial conclusions
The results of microbiological analysis suggest which commodities in the market network are contaminated most frequently with pathological agents and serve to obtain a more precise concept on the causes of alimentary infections. From the results obtained there follow no novel conclusions.
Results from the monitoring of toxigenic micromycetes in foodstuffs were of no surprise and confirm again the assumption of a higher incidence of dangerous mycotoxins in certain types of foodstuffs (e.g. ochratotin A in raisins and aflatoxins in sweet red pepper).
From the monitoring of GMOs in foodstuffs it is evident that also in 2005 there occurred on the market in the Czech Republic foodstuffs produced from Roundup Ready Soya (40-3-2). The frequency detection of RRS in soya beans and soya products was comparable with that in previous years. For the first time, there has been detected the MON 810 transgene in maize flour. The mentioned occurrence of GMOs is in no contradiction with the approval of their introduction on the market in the EU. Products with a content exceeding 0.9 % GMO have to be declared in the label, Produced from GMO.
Results of the monitoring of exposure to certain dangerous chemical substances in the Czech Republic confirm a moderate variation of exposure doses in connection with changes in concentration levels. A much more profound influence can have a change in nutritional habits. For the first time, there has been performed a point estimate based on the results of a study of individual foodstuff consumption. The characterization of the health risk remains traditionally favorable for the average person in the general population. For a number of pollutants the figures of exposure doses are on the decrease or have remained low. Evaluation with the aid of the recommended doses of foodstuffs that takes into consideration different consumption in different population groups indicates the possibility of certain health risks namely in children (greater exposure to noxae or even substances from fortified foods), as well as in the elderly (insufficient intake of certain minerals). A more precise assessment can give probability exposure doses for which, however, there are not sufficient data as yet.
Tab. 7.1 Incidence of selected notified alimentary diseases in 1995–2005
[number
of cases/100,000 population]
|
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
Salmonellosis |
466.71 |
387.41 |
493.70 |
436.12 |
391.66 |
326.55 |
274.14 |
263.67 |
301.01 |
322.16 |
Shigellosis |
7.77 |
5.96 |
4.96 |
5.05 |
5.33 |
3.44 |
2.80 |
3.73 |
3.18 |
2.72 |
E. Coli enteritis |
6.03 |
11.45 |
10.05 |
11.79 |
11.51 |
11.89 |
15.66 |
15.52 |
17.08 |
16.72 |
Campylobacteriosis |
22.08 |
35.16 |
53.83 |
95.72 |
164.67 |
210.48 |
227.49 |
196.66 |
249.75 |
296.15 |
Yersiniosis |
1.01 |
1.50 |
1.54 |
2.05 |
2.25 |
2.93 |
3.95 |
3.65 |
4.88 |
4.87 |
Alimentary intoxication |
6.03 |
3.22 |
4.77 |
5.05 |
10.62 |
6.67 |
2.61 |
0.60 |
1.88 |
0.40 |
Viral intest. infection |
7.69 |
4.62 |
8.92 |
7.85 |
11.65 |
11.33 |
23.34 |
20.58 |
35.17 |
35.91 |
Listeriosis |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.13 |
0.22 |
0.20 |
0.20 |
0.12 |
0.16 |
0.15 |
Viral hepatitis A |
20.20 |
11.60 |
8.80 |
9.10 |
6.00 |
3.20 |
1.20 |
1.10 |
0.70 |
3.15 |
Tab. 7.2 Results of foodstuff sample analyses for GMO detection, 2005
Material |
No. of samples |
Positive findings (%) |
Positive findings |
Positive findings |
Soya beans |
48 |
2 (4) |
2 (4) |
0 |
Soya products |
48 |
9 (19) |
7 (15) |
2 (4) |
Tomatoes |
48 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Corn flour |
48 |
1 (2) |
1 (2) |
0 |
Total |
192 |
12 (6) |
10 (5) |
2 (1) |
Tab. 7.3 GMO occurrence in foodstuff in 2002–2005
Material |
Positive findings [number/%] |
|||
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
|
Soya beans |
6/13 |
1/2 |
2/4 |
2/4 |
Soya products |
18/38 |
5/10 |
19/40 |
9/19 |
Corn flour |
0/0 |
0/0 |
0/0 |
1/2 |
Total |
24/13 |
6/3 |
21/11 |
12/6 |
Tab. 7.4 Recommended foodstuff doses [servings/person/day] for selected population groupsa
Population group |
Age |
Body |
Cereals |
Vegetable |
Fruit |
Milk |
Protein |
Other |
Energy |
Children |
4–6 |
15 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
* |
7,047 |
Male, adult |
> 18 |
70 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
* |
11,996 |
Female, adult |
> 18 |
58 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
* |
7,988 |
Pregnant and |
> 18 |
58 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
* |
9,787 |
Eldrely |
> 60 |
64 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
* |
5,987 |
* This means temperance in fats, oils, sugar and sweets consumption: 15 g added fats, 10 g added sugar and 300 ml beverages were used for calculation.
Notes:
a Literature:
Komárek L. et al.: Diet in neoplasm prevention, Guidelines
of “National Health Programme 1998”, NIPH Prague, 1998, 6 pp. In Czech.
Brázdová,
Z: Nutrition guidelines for the Czech Republic, Rega Brno, 1995, pp. 5
– 22. In Czech.
Brázdová, Z. et al.: Dietary Guidelines in the Czech Republic
III.: Challege for the 3rd Millenium, Centr. Eur. J. of Publ. Health, 9(1),
2001, pp. 30–34.
b Energy value of the model without calculating added fats, sugar, sweets
and beverages.
Energy value was computed by the sum of weighted means of
energy values for particular foodstuff groups calculated according to the
real food availability ratio in CZ in 1997.
Model of recommended foodstuff doses in CZ used for evaluation of exposure to contaminants
Tab. 7.5a Estimate of exposure to chemicals (based on individual food consumption study), 2004/2005
Chemical matter |
% of exposure |
Type of |
Chemical matter |
% of exposure |
Type of |
Arsenic (inorgan.) |
4.2 |
PTWI |
Nickel |
9.0 |
RfD |
Tin (total) |
0.6 |
PTWI |
Lead |
6.6 |
PTWI |
Nitrates |
16.0 |
ADI |
Mercury |
1.9 |
PTWI |
Nitrites |
22.0 |
ADI |
Selenium |
14.0 |
RfD |
Aluminium |
3.4 |
PTWI |
Zinc |
14.1 |
PMTDI |
Chromium |
17.0 |
RfD |
Iron |
16.0 |
PMTDI |
Cadmium |
14.1 |
PTWI |
PCBs* |
2.9 |
TDI |
Manganese |
38.0 |
RfD |
DDT |
0.1 |
PTDI |
Copper |
2.8 |
PMTDI |
Hexachlorobenzene |
3.0 |
TDI |
* Sum of 7 indicator congeners PCB
Tab. 7.5b Estimate of exposure to benefit elements (based on individual food consumption study), 2004/2005
Element |
% of recommended intake |
Element |
% of recommended intake |
Potassium |
76 |
Nickel |
299 |
Phosphorus |
149 |
Selenium |
116** |
Magnesium |
84 |
Sodium |
57* |
Chromium |
92 |
Calcium |
85 |
Iodine |
111 |
Zinc |
98** |
Manganese |
107 |
Iron |
57 |
Copper |
67** |
|
|
* % of the upper intake limit
** % of normative minimum